<div id="readability-page-1" class="page">
    <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
        <p>
            <span><span id="coordinates"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&amp;params=42_S_174_E_scale:5000000_source:GNS"><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span>42°S</span> <span>174°E</span></span></span><span>﻿ / ﻿</span><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42°S 174°E</span></span></a></span></span></span>
        </p>
        <table>
            <tbody>
                <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                        <p> New Zealand </p><br />
                        <div>
                            <p><i lang="mi" title="Māori language text" xml:lang="mi">Aotearoa</i>&#160;&#160;<span>(<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>)</span>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                        <div>
                            <div>
                                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" title="Flag of New Zealand"><img alt="Blue field with the Union Flag in the top right corner, and four red stars with white borders to the right." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/125px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/188px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/250px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a>
                                </p>
                                <div>
                                    <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">Flag</a>
                                    </p>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div>
                                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand"><img alt="A quartered shield, flanked by two figures, topped with a crown." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699" /></a>
                                </p>
                                <div>
                                    <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">Coat of arms</a>
                                    </p>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                        <div>
                            <p><b><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_anthems_of_New_Zealand" title="National anthems of New Zealand">Anthems</a>:</b></p>
                            <div>
                                <ul>
                                    <li>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Defend_New_Zealand" title="God Defend New Zealand">God Defend New Zealand</a>"<br />
                                    </li>
                                    <li>
                                        <span>"<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2"><a href="#cite_note-2">[n 1]</a></sup></span>
                                    </li>
                                </ul>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg" title="Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its territorial claim in the Antarctic, and Tokelau"><img alt="A map of the hemisphere centred on New Zealand, using an orthographic projection." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/250px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/375px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg/500px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a>
                        <div>
                            <p> Location of New Zealand, including outlying islands, its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">territorial claim in the Antarctic</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Capital </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><br />
                        <span><a href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=New_Zealand&amp;params=41_17_S_174_27_E_type:city"><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span>41°17′S</span> <span>174°27′E</span></span></span><span>﻿ / ﻿</span><span><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.283°S 174.450°E</span></span></a></span>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Largest city </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Official&#160;languages </th>
                    <td>
                        <div>
                            <ul>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">English</a><sup id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4">[n 2]</a></sup>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ_Sign_Language" title="NZ Sign Language">NZ Sign Language</a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic&#160;groups</a>
                        <div>
                            <p> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a>) </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <div>
                            <ul>
                                <li>70.2% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>16.5% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>15.1% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>8.1% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific peoples</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>1.6% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Middle_Eastern_people" title="Middle Eastern people">ME</a>/<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Latin_Americans" title="Latin Americans">LA</a>/<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/African_New_Zealanders" title="African New Zealanders">African</a>
                                </li>
                                <li>1.9% Other<sup id="cite_ref-Census2018_pdc_5-0"><a href="#cite_note-Census2018_pdc-5">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealanders" title="New Zealanders">New Zealander</a><br />
                        <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a> (informal)</span>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Politics_of_New_Zealand" title="Politics of New Zealand">Government</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="2"></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Monarch</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General</a></span>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Patsy_Reddy" title="Patsy Reddy">Patsy Reddy</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">Prime Minister</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Legislature </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a><br /> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>)
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">Stages of independence</a>&#160; <div>
                            <p> from the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td colspan="2"></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1856_Sewell_Ministry" title="1856 Sewell Ministry">Responsible government</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td> 7 May 1856 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td> 26 September 1907 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">Statute of Westminster adopted</a>
                            </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <br /> 25 November 1947
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geography_of_New_Zealand" title="Geography of New Zealand">Area</a>
                    </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Total </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> 268,021&#160;km<sup>2</sup> (103,483&#160;sq&#160;mi) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">75th</a>) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Water&#160;(%) </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> 1.6<sup id="cite_ref-8"><a href="#cite_note-8">[n 4]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demographics_of_New_Zealand" title="Demographics of New Zealand">Population</a>
                    </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;September 2019 estimate </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> 4,933,210<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-0"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">120th</a>) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <div>
                            <p> •&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census" title="2018 New Zealand census">2018</a>&#160;census </p>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                    <td> 4,699,755 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Density </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> 18.2/km<sup>2</sup> (47.1/sq&#160;mi) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">203rd</a>) </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&#160;<span>(<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span>
                    </th>
                    <td> 2018&#160;estimate </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Total </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> $199 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-0"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Per capita </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> $40,266<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-1"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>&#160;<span>(nominal)</span>
                    </th>
                    <td> 2018&#160;estimate </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Total </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> $206 billion<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-2"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Per capita </p>
                    </th>
                    <td> $41,616<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-3"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a>&#160;<span>(2014)</span>
                    </th>
                    <td> 33.0<sup id="cite_ref-11"><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></sup><br />
                        <span><span>medium</span></span>&#160;·&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" title="List of countries by income equality">22nd</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>&#160;<span>(2017)</span>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <img alt="Increase" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" title="Increase" width="11" height="11" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />&#160;0.917<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-0"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup><br />
                        <span><span>very high</span></span>&#160;·&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">16th</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Currency </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a> ($) (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NZD</a>)
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Time zone </th>
                    <td>
                        <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</span> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZST</a><sup id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13">[n 5]</a></sup>)
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <p> •&#160;Summer&#160;(<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>) </p>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+13</span> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Time_in_New_Zealand" title="Time in New Zealand">NZDT</a><sup id="cite_ref-15"><a href="#cite_note-15">[n 6]</a></sup>)
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row"> Date format </th>
                    <td>
                        <abbr title="day">dd</abbr>/<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>/<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr><br />
                        <abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr>-<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>-<abbr title="day">dd</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16">[10]</a></sup>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic#New_Zealand" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_New_Zealand" title="Telephone numbers in New Zealand">Calling code</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/%2B64" title="+64">+64</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NZ" title="ISO 3166-2:NZ">NZ</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th scope="row">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a>
                    </th>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/.nz" title=".nz">.nz</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <p>
            <b>New Zealand</b> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>: <i lang="mi" xml:lang="mi"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">[aɔˈtɛaɾɔa]</a></span>) is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> in the southwestern <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> (<i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>), and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> (<i>Te Waipounamu</i>)—and around 600 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. It has a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500&#160;sq&#160;mi). New Zealand is situated some 2,000 kilometres (1,200&#160;mi) east of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> across the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a> and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600&#160;mi) south of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific island areas</a> of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Biodiversity_of_New_Zealand" title="Biodiversity of New Zealand">biodiversity</a> of animal, fungal, and plant life. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>, owe much to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tectonic_uplift" title="Tectonic uplift">tectonic uplift</a> of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital city</a> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, while its most populous city is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.
        </p>
        <p> Sometime between 1250 and 1300, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a>. In 1642, Dutch explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> became the first European to sight New Zealand. In 1840, representatives of the United Kingdom and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> chiefs signed the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a>, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">became a colony</a> within the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and in 1907 it <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">became a dominion</a>; it gained <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Independence of New Zealand">full statutory independence</a> in 1947 and the British monarch remained the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. Today, the majority of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_population" title="New Zealand&apos;s population">New Zealand's population</a> of 4.9&#160;million is of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">European descent</a>; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asians</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">Pacific Islanders</a>. Reflecting this, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%27s_culture" title="New Zealand&apos;s culture">New Zealand's culture</a> is mainly derived from Māori and early British settlers, with recent broadening arising from increased <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand" title="Immigration to New Zealand">immigration</a>. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">official languages</a> are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>, with English being very dominant. </p>
        <p> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, New Zealand <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_rankings_of_New_Zealand" title="International rankings of New Zealand">ranks highly</a> in international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, protection of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>. New Zealand underwent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">major economic changes</a> during the 1980s, which transformed it from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionist" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> to a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalised</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Free-trade" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy. The service sector dominates the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">national economy</a>, followed by the industrial sector, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agriculture</a>; international <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">tourism</a> is a significant source of revenue. Nationally, legislative authority is vested in an elected, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unicameral" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">Parliament</a>, while executive political power is exercised by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, led by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>, currently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">country's monarch</a> and is represented by a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, currently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dame_Patsy_Reddy" title="Dame Patsy Reddy">Dame Patsy Reddy</a>. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and 67 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">territorial authorities</a> for local government purposes. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> also includes <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a> (a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territory</a>); the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> (self-governing states in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand); and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, which is New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claim_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claim in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>. New Zealand is a member of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations#ASEAN_Plus_Three_and_Six" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN Plus Six</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>. </p>
        <div id="toc">
            <p lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en">
            <h2> Contents </h2>
            </p>
            <ul>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Etymology"><span>1</span> <span>Etymology</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#History"><span>2</span> <span>History</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Government_and_politics"><span>3</span> <span>Government and politics</span></a>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Foreign_relations_and_military"><span>3.1</span> <span>Foreign relations and military</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Local_government_and_external_territories"><span>3.2</span> <span>Local government and external territories</span></a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Environment"><span>4</span> <span>Environment</span></a>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Geography"><span>4.1</span> <span>Geography</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Climate"><span>4.2</span> <span>Climate</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Biodiversity"><span>4.3</span> <span>Biodiversity</span></a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Economy"><span>5</span> <span>Economy</span></a>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Trade"><span>5.1</span> <span>Trade</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Infrastructure"><span>5.2</span> <span>Infrastructure</span></a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Demography"><span>6</span> <span>Demography</span></a>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Ethnicity_and_immigration"><span>6.1</span> <span>Ethnicity and immigration</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Language"><span>6.2</span> <span>Language</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Religion"><span>6.3</span> <span>Religion</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Education"><span>6.4</span> <span>Education</span></a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Culture"><span>7</span> <span>Culture</span></a>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Art"><span>7.1</span> <span>Art</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Literature"><span>7.2</span> <span>Literature</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Media_and_entertainment"><span>7.3</span> <span>Media and entertainment</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Sports"><span>7.4</span> <span>Sports</span></a>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <a href="#Cuisine"><span>7.5</span> <span>Cuisine</span></a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#See_also"><span>8</span> <span>See also</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Footnotes"><span>9</span> <span>Footnotes</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Citations"><span>10</span> <span>Citations</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#References"><span>11</span> <span>References</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#Further_reading"><span>12</span> <span>Further reading</span></a>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <a href="#External_links"><span>13</span> <span>External links</span></a>
                </li>
            </ul>
        </div>
        <h2>
            <span id="Etymology">Etymology</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius,_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png"><img alt="Brown square paper with Dutch writing and a thick red, curved line" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/220px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/330px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png/440px-Detail_of_1657_map_Polus_Antarcticus_by_Jan_Janssonius%2C_showing_Nova_Zeelandia.png 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="532" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Detail from a 1657 map showing the western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia". (In this map, north is at the bottom.) </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p>
            <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and named it <i>Staten Land</i> "in honour of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General</a>" (Dutch parliament). He wrote, "it is possible that this land joins to the Staten Land but it is uncertain",<sup id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17">[11]</a></sup> referring to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Isla_de_los_Estados" title="Isla de los Estados">a landmass of the same name</a> at the southern tip of South America, discovered by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a> in 1616.<sup id="cite_ref-18"><a href="#cite_note-18">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a></sup> In 1645, Dutch <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cartographers" title="Cartographers">cartographers</a> renamed the land <i>Nova Zeelandia</i> after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Dutch province</a> of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21"><a href="#cite_note-21">[15]</a></sup> British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> subsequently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> the name to New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p>
            <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aotearoa" title="Aotearoa">Aotearoa</a></i> (pronounced <span></span>; often translated as "land of the long white cloud")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200341_23-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing200341-23">[17]</a></sup> is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the whole country before the arrival of Europeans, with <i>Aotearoa</i> originally referring to just the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872_24-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872-24">[18]</a></sup> Māori had several traditional names for the two main islands, including <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i> (the fish of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ui_(M%C4%81ori_mythology)" title="Māui (Māori mythology)">Māui</a>) for the North Island and <i>Te Waipounamu</i> (the waters of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a>) or <i>Te Waka o Aoraki</i> (the canoe of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aoraki" title="Aoraki">Aoraki</a>) for the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup> Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Stewart_Island_/_Rakiura" title="Stewart Island / Rakiura">Stewart Island / Rakiura</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26"><a href="#cite_note-26">[20]</a></sup> In 1830, mapmakers began to use "North" and "South" on their maps to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_name_22-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_name-22">[16]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Geographic_Board" title="New Zealand Geographic Board">New Zealand Geographic Board</a> discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised, and names and alternative names were formalised in 2013. This set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-0"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup> For each island, either its English or Māori name can be used, or both can be used together.<sup id="cite_ref-Williamson2013_27-1"><a href="#cite_note-Williamson2013-27">[21]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="History">History</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Polynesian_Migration.svg"><img alt="One set of arrows point from Taiwan to Melanesia to Fiji/Samoa and then to the Marquesas Islands. The population then spread, some going south to New Zealand and others going north to Hawai&apos;i. A second set start in southern Asia and end in Melanesia." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/290px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/435px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Polynesian_Migration.svg/580px-Polynesian_Migration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> are most likely descended from people who emigrated from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and then travelled east through to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>. After a pause of 70 to 265 years, a new wave of exploration led to the discovery and settlement of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-28"><a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a></sup>
                </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand was one of the last major landmasses settled by humans. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a>, evidence of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a><sup id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> variability within <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> populations<sup id="cite_ref-30"><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a></sup> suggest New Zealand was first settled by Eastern <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> between 1250 and 1300,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056_25-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith20056-25">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a></sup> concluding a long series of voyages through the southern Pacific islands.<sup id="cite_ref-32"><a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a></sup> Over the centuries that followed, these settlers developed a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Iwi" title="Iwi">iwi</a></i> (tribes) and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hap%C5%AB" title="Hapū">hapū</a></i> (subtribes) who would sometimes cooperate, sometimes compete and sometimes fight against each other.<sup id="cite_ref-33"><a href="#cite_note-33">[27]</a></sup> At some point a group of Māori migrated to <i>Rēkohu</i>, now known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>, where they developed their distinct <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Moriori</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-34"><a href="#cite_note-34">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35"><a href="#cite_note-35">[29]</a></sup> The Moriori population was all but wiped out between 1835 and 1862, largely because of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taranaki_(iwi)" title="Taranaki (iwi)">Taranaki</a> Māori invasion and enslavement in the 1830s, although European diseases also contributed. In 1862 only 101 survived, and the last known full-blooded Moriori died in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-36"><a href="#cite_note-36">[30]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="An engraving of a sketched coastline on white background" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/170px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/255px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg/340px-Cook_chart_of_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1508" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Map of the New Zealand coastline as Cook charted it on his <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first visit</a> in 1769–70. The track of the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/HMS_Endeavour" title="HMS Endeavour">Endeavour</a></i> is also shown. </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> The first <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Abel_Tasman" title="Abel Tasman">Abel Tasman</a> and his crew in 1642.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> In a hostile encounter, four crew members were killed and at least one Māori was hit by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister shot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38"><a href="#cite_note-38">[32]</a></sup> Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until 1769 when British explorer <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> mapped almost the entire coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523_37-1"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMein_Smith200523-37">[31]</a></sup> Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">whaling</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">sealing</a> and trading ships. They traded European food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, Māori food, artefacts and water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing2003122_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing2003122-39">[33]</a></sup> The introduction of the potato and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, which enabled longer and more sustained military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-40"><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a></sup> The resulting intertribal <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Musket_Wars" title="Musket Wars">Musket Wars</a> encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing 30,000–40,000 Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-41"><a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a></sup> From the early 19th century, Christian <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a> began to settle New Zealand, eventually <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converting</a> most of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-42"><a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a></sup> The Māori population declined to around 40% of its pre-contact level during the 19th century; introduced diseases were the major factor.<sup id="cite_ref-43"><a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Treatyofwaitangi.jpg"><img alt="A torn sheet of paper" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/170px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/255px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Treatyofwaitangi.jpg/340px-Treatyofwaitangi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="5788" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> In 1788 Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> assumed the position of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor</a> of the new British colony of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> which according to his commission included New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-44"><a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a></sup> The British Government appointed <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/James_Busby" title="James Busby">James Busby</a> as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832 following a petition from northern Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-0"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> In 1835, following an announcement of impending French settlement by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Charles_de_Thierry" title="Charles de Thierry">Charles de Thierry</a>, the nebulous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand" title="United Tribes of New Zealand">United Tribes of New Zealand</a> sent a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_New_Zealand" title="Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand">Declaration of Independence</a> to King <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="William IV of the United Kingdom">William IV of the United Kingdom</a> asking for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Busby_45-1"><a href="#cite_note-Busby-45">[39]</a></sup> Ongoing unrest, the proposed settlement of New Zealand by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Company" title="New Zealand Company">New Zealand Company</a> (which had already sent its first ship of surveyors to buy land from Māori) and the dubious legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a> to send Captain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/William_Hobson" title="William Hobson">William Hobson</a> to claim sovereignty for the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-46"><a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> was first signed in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Islands" title="Bay of Islands">Bay of Islands</a> on 6 February 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> In response to the New Zealand Company's attempts to establish an independent settlement in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a><sup id="cite_ref-48"><a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a></sup> and French settlers purchasing land in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Akaroa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49"><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a></sup> Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating throughout the country for Māori to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a></sup> With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.<sup id="cite_ref-51"><a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay,_New_Zealand.jpg"><img alt="Black and white engraving depicting a crowd of people" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/290px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/435px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg/580px-1863_Meeting_of_Settlers_and_Maoris_at_Hawke%27s_Bay%2C_New_Zealand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4300" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand, still part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Colony</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">of New Zealand</a> on 1 July 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-52"><a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a></sup> Armed conflict began between the Colonial government and Māori in 1843 with the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wairau_Affray" title="Wairau Affray">Wairau Affray</a> over land and disagreements over sovereignty. These conflicts, mainly in the North Island, saw thousands of Imperial troops and the Royal Navy come to New Zealand and became known as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a>. Following these armed conflicts, large amounts of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">Māori land was confiscated by the government</a> to meet settler demands.<sup id="cite_ref-53"><a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The colony gained a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Constitution_Act_1852" title="New Zealand Constitution Act 1852">representative government in 1852</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1st_New_Zealand_Parliament" title="1st New Zealand Parliament">first Parliament</a> met in 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-0"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsibility over all domestic matters other than <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">native</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-1"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup> (Control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-2"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup>) Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Alfred_Domett" title="Alfred Domett">Alfred Domett</a> moved a resolution to transfer the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Capital_of_New_Zealand" title="Capital of New Zealand">capital</a> from Auckland to a locality near <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55">[49]</a></sup> Wellington was chosen for its central location, with Parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-56"><a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> In 1891 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party" title="New Zealand Liberal Party">Liberal Party</a> came to power as the first organised political party.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-0"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Liberal_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Liberal Government of New Zealand">Liberal Government</a>, led by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Richard_Seddon" title="Richard Seddon">Richard Seddon</a> for most of its period in office,<sup id="cite_ref-58"><a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a></sup> passed many important social and economic measures. In 1893 New Zealand was the first nation in the world to grant all <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women&apos;s suffrage in New Zealand">women the right to vote</a><sup id="cite_ref-Liberal_57-1"><a href="#cite_note-Liberal-57">[51]</a></sup> and in 1894 pioneered the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Industrial_Conciliation_and_Arbitration_Act_1894" title="Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894">adoption of compulsory arbitration between employers and unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> In 1907, at the request of the New Zealand Parliament, King <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> proclaimed New Zealand a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">Dominion</a> within the British Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-60"><a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a></sup> reflecting its self-governing status.<sup id="cite_ref-61"><a href="#cite_note-61">[55]</a></sup> In 1947 the country <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_Adoption_Act_1947" title="Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947">adopted</a> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, confirming that the British Parliament could no longer legislate for New Zealand without the consent of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-G_and_N_54-3"><a href="#cite_note-G_and_N-54">[48]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Early in the 20th century, New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_in_World_War_I" title="Military history of New Zealand in World War I">First</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Second World Wars</a><sup id="cite_ref-62"><a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a></sup> and suffering through the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63"><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a></sup> The depression led to the election of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="First Labour Government of New Zealand">First Labour Government</a> and the establishment of a comprehensive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionist" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-64"><a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a></sup> New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following the Second World War<sup id="cite_ref-65"><a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a></sup> and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.<sup id="cite_ref-66"><a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a> developed, which criticised <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a> and worked for greater recognition of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori culture</a> and of the Treaty of Waitangi.<sup id="cite_ref-67"><a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a></sup> In 1975, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waitangi_Tribunal" title="Waitangi Tribunal">Waitangi Tribunal</a> was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2009_47-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2009-47">[41]</a></sup> The government has negotiated <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">settlements of these grievances</a> with many iwi,<sup id="cite_ref-68"><a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a></sup> although <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_foreshore_and_seabed_controversy" title="New Zealand foreshore and seabed controversy">Māori claims to the foreshore and seabed</a> have proved controversial in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-69"><a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70"><a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II"><img alt="The Queen wearing her New Zealand insignia" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/152px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="190" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/228px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg/304px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_of_New_Zealand_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1478" /></a>
                </p>
            </div>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern"><img alt="A smiling woman wearing a black dress" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/152px-Ardern_Cropped.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="191" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/228px-Ardern_Cropped.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Ardern_Cropped.png/304px-Ardern_Cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="627" /></a>
                </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-0"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> although <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitution_of_New_Zealand" title="Constitution of New Zealand">its constitution</a> is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">not codified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-0"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a><sup id="cite_ref-73"><a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a></sup> and thus the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74"><a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a></sup> The Queen is represented by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general</a>, whom she appoints on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand" title="Prime Minister of New Zealand">prime minister</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a></sup> The governor-general can exercise the Crown's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Prerogative_powers" title="Prerogative powers">prerogative powers</a>, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministers_of_the_New_Zealand_Government" title="Ministers of the New Zealand Government">ministers</a>, ambassadors and other key public officials,<sup id="cite_ref-76"><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a></sup> and in rare situations, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> (e.g. the power to dissolve parliament or refuse the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> of a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> into law).<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-0"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup> The powers of the monarch and the governor-general are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-reserve_Powers_77-1"><a href="#cite_note-reserve_Powers-77">[71]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a> holds <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Legislative_power" title="Legislative power">legislative power</a> and consists of the Queen and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="New Zealand House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-0"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> It also included an upper house, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council" title="New Zealand Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>, until this was abolished in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-1"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supremacy_of_parliament" title="Supremacy of parliament">supremacy of parliament</a> over the Crown and other government institutions was established in England by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a> and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-2"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a government is formed from the party or <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition</a> with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> can be formed if support from other parties during <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">confidence and supply</a> votes is assured.<sup id="cite_ref-parliament_facts_78-3"><a href="#cite_note-parliament_facts-78">[72]</a></sup> The governor-general appoints ministers under advice from the prime minister, who is by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">convention</a> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">parliamentary leader</a> of the governing party or coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-79"><a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, formed by ministers and led by the prime minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-80"><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a></sup> Members of Cabinet make major decisions collectively, and are therefore <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">collectively responsible</a> for the consequences of these decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-81"><a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Elections_in_New_Zealand" title="Elections in New Zealand">parliamentary general election</a> must be called no later than three years after the previous election.<sup id="cite_ref-82"><a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a></sup> Almost all general elections between <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1853_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1853 New Zealand general election">1853</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1993 New Zealand general election">1993</a> were held under the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post voting</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-0"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 election</a>, a form of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" title="Mixed-member proportional">mixed-member proportional</a> (MMP) has been used.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-1"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> Under the MMP system, each person has two votes; one is for a candidate standing in the voter's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates" title="New Zealand electorates">electorate</a> and the other is for a party. Since the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2014_New_Zealand_general_election" title="2014 New Zealand general election">2014 election</a>, there have been 71 electorates (which include seven <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates" title="Māori electorates">Māori electorates</a> in which only Māori can optionally vote),<sup id="cite_ref-84"><a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a></sup> and the remaining 49 of the 120 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote, with the threshold that a party must win at least one electorate or 5% of the total party vote before it is eligible for a seat.<sup id="cite_ref-85"><a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg"><img alt="A block of buildings fronted by a large statue." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/220px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/330px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg/440px-Seddon_Statue_in_Parliament_Grounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3297" data-file-height="2557" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> Elections since the 1930s have been dominated by two political parties, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party" title="New Zealand Labour Party">Labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-road_83-1"><a href="#cite_note-road-83">[77]</a></sup> Between March 2005 and August 2006, New Zealand became the first country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land—head of state, governor-general, prime minister, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives">speaker</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_New_Zealand" title="Chief Justice of New Zealand">chief justice</a>—were occupied simultaneously by women.<sup id="cite_ref-86"><a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a></sup> The current prime minister is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a>, who has been in office since 26 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-87"><a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a></sup> She is the country's third female prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-88"><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p>
            <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Judiciary_of_New_Zealand" title="Judiciary of New Zealand">New Zealand's judiciary</a>, headed by the chief justice,<sup id="cite_ref-89"><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a></sup> includes the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Court of Appeal</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, and subordinate courts.<sup id="cite_ref-90"><a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a></sup> Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure to help maintain <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">judicial independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_factsheet_72-2"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_factsheet-72">[66]</a></sup> This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on the legislation enacted by Parliament without other influences on their decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-91"><a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed states.<sup id="cite_ref-92"><a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a></sup> As at 2017, the country was ranked fourth in the strength of its democratic institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-93"><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a></sup> and first in government transparency and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Corruption_in_New_Zealand" title="Corruption in New Zealand">lack of corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94"><a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a></sup> A 2017 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_Reports_on_Human_Rights_Practices" title="Country Reports on Human Rights Practices">Human Rights Report</a> by the U.S. Department of State noted that the government generally <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_rights_in_New_Zealand" title="Human rights in New Zealand">respected the rights</a> of individuals, but voiced concerns regarding the social status of the Māori population.<sup id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a></sup> New Zealand ranks highly for civic participation in the political process, with 77% <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a> during recent elections, compared to an <abbr title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</abbr> average of 69%.<sup id="cite_ref-96"><a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Foreign_relations_and_military">Foreign relations and military</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg"><img alt="A squad of men kneel in the desert sand while performing a war dance" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/220px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/330px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg/440px-E_003261_E_Maoris_in_North_Africa_July_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2999" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-97"><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a></sup> The 1923 and 1926 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Imperial_Conference" title="Imperial Conference">Imperial Conferences</a> decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate its own political <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> and the first commercial treaty was ratified in 1928 with Japan. On 3 September 1939 New Zealand allied itself with Britain and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">declared war</a> on Germany with Prime Minister <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Michael Joseph Savage</a> proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."<sup id="cite_ref-98"><a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> In 1951 the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests,<sup id="cite_ref-99"><a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a></sup> while New Zealand joined <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Australia–New Zealand relations">Australia</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">United States</a> in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a> security treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-100"><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a></sup> The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="New Zealand in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101"><a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a></sup> the refusal of the United States to admonish France after the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Rainbow_Warrior" title="Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior">sinking of the <i>Rainbow Warrior</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102"><a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a></sup> disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_nuclear-free_zone" title="New Zealand nuclear-free zone">New Zealand's nuclear-free policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103"><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a></sup> Despite the United States' suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.<sup id="cite_ref-105"><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a></sup> Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Closer_Economic_Relations" title="Closer Economic Relations">free trade agreements</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Trans-Tasman_Travel_Arrangement" title="Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement">travel arrangements</a> that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> In 2013 there were about 650,000 New Zealand citizens living in Australia, which is equivalent to 15% of the resident population of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-107"><a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(20).jpg"><img alt="A soldier in a green army uniform faces forwards" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/220px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/330px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg/440px-ANZAC_Day_service_at_the_National_War_Memorial_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anzac_Day" title="Anzac Day">Anzac Day</a> service at the National War Memorial </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand has a strong presence among the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Island" title="Pacific Island">Pacific Island</a> countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to these countries and many Pacific people migrate to New Zealand for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-108"><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a></sup> Permanent migration is regulated under the 1970 Samoan Quota Scheme and the 2002 Pacific Access Category, which allow up to 1,100 Samoan nationals and up to 750 other Pacific Islanders respectively to become permanent New Zealand residents each year. A seasonal workers scheme for temporary migration was introduced in 2007 and in 2009 about 8,000 Pacific Islanders were employed under it.<sup id="cite_ref-109"><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-110"><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a></sup> New Zealand is involved in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> Regional Forum (including the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_in_brief_106-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_in_brief-106">[100]</a></sup> New Zealand is a member of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_and_the_United_Nations" title="New Zealand and the United Nations">United Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111"><a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a><sup id="cite_ref-112"><a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a></sup> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD),<sup id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a></sup> and participates in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Five_Power_Defence_Arrangements" title="Five Power Defence Arrangements">Five Power Defence Arrangements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114"><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> New Zealand's military services—the Defence Force—comprise the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">Royal New Zealand Air Force</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115"><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national defence</a> needs are modest, since a direct attack is unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-116"><a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a></sup> However, its military has <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Military history of New Zealand">had a global presence</a>. The country fought in both world wars, with notable campaigns in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Crete</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117"><a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">El Alamein</a><sup id="cite_ref-118"><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Cassino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119"><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a></sup> The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a><sup id="cite_ref-120"><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121"><a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a></sup> and strengthened the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Army_Corps" title="Australian and New Zealand Army Corps">ANZAC</a> tradition it shares with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-122"><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123"><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_in_the_Korean_War" title="New Zealand in the Korean War">Korean War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-124"><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-125"><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a></sup> the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan War</a>. It has contributed forces to several regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somalia</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Sinai</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angola</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodia</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq</a> border, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Operation_Astute" title="Operation Astute">East Timor</a>, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Solomon_Islands#Civil_war" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126"><a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Local_government_and_external_territories">Local government and external territories</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg"><img alt="Map with the North, South, Stewart/Rakiura, Tokelau, Cook, Niue, Kermadec, Chatham, Bounty, Antipodes, Snare, Auckland and Campbell Islands highlighted. New Zealand&apos;s segment of Antarctica (the Ross Dependency) is also highlighted." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/400px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="400" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/600px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg/800px-NZL_orthographic_NaturalEarth_labelled_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> The early European settlers divided New Zealand into <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Provinces_of_New_Zealand" title="Provinces of New Zealand">provinces</a>, which had a degree of autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup> Because of financial pressures and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies, government was centralised and the provinces were abolished in 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-128"><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a></sup> The provinces are remembered in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Public_holidays_in_New_Zealand" title="Public holidays in New Zealand">regional public holidays</a><sup id="cite_ref-129"><a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a></sup> and sporting rivalries.<sup id="cite_ref-130"><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Since 1876, various councils have administered local areas under legislation determined by the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-nine_provinces_127-1"><a href="#cite_note-nine_provinces-127">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></sup> In 1989, the government reorganised local government into the current two-tier structure of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">regional councils</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities" title="Territorial authorities">territorial authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-0"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_former_territorial_authorities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of former territorial authorities in New Zealand">249 municipalities</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-1"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 67 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-133"><a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a></sup> The regional councils' role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Resource_Management_Act_1991" title="Resource Management Act 1991">resource management</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Sancton2000_132-2"><a href="#cite_note-Sancton2000-132">[126]</a></sup> while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933_134-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmeltJui_Lin200933-134">[128]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-0"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> Five of the territorial councils are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Unitary_authority" title="Unitary authority">unitary authorities</a> and also act as regional councils.<sup id="cite_ref-glossary_135-1"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-135">[129]</a></sup> The territorial authorities consist of 13 city councils, 53 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Districts_of_New_Zealand" title="Districts of New Zealand">district</a> councils, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a> Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a unitary authority, it undertakes many functions of a regional council.<sup id="cite_ref-136"><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The Realm of New Zealand, one of 16 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-137"><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a></sup> is the entire area over which the Queen of New Zealand is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a>, and comprises New Zealand, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GG_constitution_71-1"><a href="#cite_note-GG_constitution-71">[65]</a></sup> The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing states in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-138"><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139"><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a></sup> The New Zealand Parliament cannot pass legislation for these countries, but with their consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is classified as a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">non-self-governing territory</a>, but is administered by a council of three elders (one from each Tokelauan <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-140"><a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a></sup> The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claim in Antarctica</a>, where it operates the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Scott_Base" title="Scott Base">Scott Base</a> research facility.<sup id="cite_ref-141"><a href="#cite_note-141">[135]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_nationality_law" title="New Zealand nationality law">New Zealand nationality law</a> treats all parts of the realm equally, so most people born in New Zealand, the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency are New Zealand citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-142"><a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144"><a href="#cite_note-144">[n 7]</a></sup>
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                        <p> Administrative divisions of the Realm of New Zealand </p>
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                    <th> Countries </th>
                    <td colspan="7">
                        <span><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />&#160;</span><a>New Zealand</a>
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                    <td rowspan="4"> &#160; </td>
                    <td rowspan="4"> &#160; </td>
                    <td rowspan="1">
                        <span><span><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" />&#160;</span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></span>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1">
                        <span><span><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" />&#160;</span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></span>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Regions</a>
                    </th>
                    <td> 11 non-unitary regions </td>
                    <td rowspan="2"> 5 unitary regions </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="3"> &#160; </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_outlying_islands" title="New Zealand outlying islands">Outlying islands</a> outside any regional authority<br /> (the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Three_Kings_Islands" title="Three Kings Islands">Three Kings Islands</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">Subantarctic Islands</a>)
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <span><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Tokelau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tokelau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" />&#160;</span><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <span>15 islands</span>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                        <span>14 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Niue" title="List of villages in Niue">villages</a></span>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_authorities_of_New_Zealand" title="Territorial authorities of New Zealand">Territorial authorities</a>
                    </th>
                    <td> 13 cities and 53 districts </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th> Notes </th>
                    <td> Some districts lie in more than one region </td>
                    <td> These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one </td>
                    <td> Special territorial authority </td>
                    <td colspan="1"> The outlying <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Solander_Islands" title="Solander Islands">Solander Islands</a> form part of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southland_Region" title="Southland Region">Southland Region</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> New&#160;Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">Antarctic territory</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_Non-Self-Governing_Territories" title="United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories">Non-self-governing territory</a> of New&#160;Zealand
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="2"> States in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with New&#160;Zealand </td>
                </tr>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <h2>
            <span id="Environment">Environment</span>
        </h2>
        <h3>
            <span id="Geography">Geography</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg"><img alt="Islands of New Zealand as seen from satellite" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/170px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/255px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg/340px-New_Zealand_23_October_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5600" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand is located near the centre of the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Water_hemisphere" title="Water hemisphere">water hemisphere</a> and is made up of two main islands and a number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">smaller islands</a>. The two main islands (the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a>, or <i>Te Ika-a-Māui</i>, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>, or <i>Te Waipounamu</i>) are separated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Strait" title="Cook Strait">Cook Strait</a>, 22 kilometres (14&#160;mi) wide at its narrowest point.<sup id="cite_ref-145"><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a></sup> Besides the North and South Islands, the five largest inhabited islands are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Stewart_Island" title="Stewart Island">Stewart Island</a> (across the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Foveaux_Strait" title="Foveaux Strait">Foveaux Strait</a>), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Island" title="Chatham Island">Chatham Island</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Great_Barrier_Island" title="Great Barrier Island">Great Barrier Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hauraki_Gulf" title="Hauraki Gulf">Hauraki Gulf</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-146"><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/D%27Urville_Island_(New_Zealand)" title="D&apos;Urville Island (New Zealand)">D'Urville Island</a> (in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marlborough_Sounds" title="Marlborough Sounds">Marlborough Sounds</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-147"><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waiheke_Island" title="Waiheke Island">Waiheke Island</a> (about 22&#160;km (14&#160;mi) from central Auckland).<sup id="cite_ref-148"><a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Mt_Cook,_NZ.jpg"><img alt="A large mountain with a lake in the foreground" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/220px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/330px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg/440px-Mt_Cook%2C_NZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a>
                </p>
            </div>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg"><img alt="Snow-capped mountain range" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/220px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/330px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg/440px-New_Zealand_moutain_ranges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a>
                </p>
                <p> The Southern Alps stretch for 500 kilometres down the South Island </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand is long and narrow (over 1,600 kilometres (990&#160;mi) along its north-north-east axis with a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250&#160;mi)),<sup id="cite_ref-149"><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a></sup> with about 15,000&#160;km (9,300&#160;mi) of coastline<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and a total land area of 268,000 square kilometres (103,500&#160;sq&#160;mi).<sup id="cite_ref-151"><a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a></sup> Because of its far-flung outlying islands and long coastline, the country has extensive marine resources. Its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_New_Zealand" title="Exclusive economic zone of New Zealand">exclusive economic zone</a> is one of the largest in the world, covering more than 15 times its land area.<sup id="cite_ref-152"><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The South Island is the largest landmass of New Zealand. It is divided along its length by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153"><a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a></sup> There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800&#160;ft), the highest of which is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Aoraki_/_Mount_Cook" title="Aoraki / Mount Cook">Aoraki / Mount Cook</a> at 3,754 metres (12,316&#160;ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarden200552_154-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarden200552-154">[147]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiordland" title="Fiordland">Fiordland</a>'s steep mountains and deep <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fiord" title="Fiord">fiords</a> record the extensive ice age glaciation of this southwestern corner of the South Island.<sup id="cite_ref-155"><a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a></sup> The North Island is less mountainous but is <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Volcanology_of_New_Zealand" title="Volcanology of New Zealand">marked by volcanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156"><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a></sup> The highly active <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taupo_Volcanic_Zone" title="Taupo Volcanic Zone">Taupo Volcanic Zone</a> has formed a large <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/North_Island_Volcanic_Plateau" title="North Island Volcanic Plateau">volcanic plateau</a>, punctuated by the North Island's highest mountain, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mount_Ruapehu" title="Mount Ruapehu">Mount Ruapehu</a> (2,797 metres (9,177&#160;ft)). The plateau also hosts the country's largest lake, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Lake_Taupo" title="Lake Taupo">Lake Taupo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-157"><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a></sup> nestled in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> of one of the world's most active <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">supervolcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-158"><a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Plate" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Indo-Australian_Plate" title="Indo-Australian Plate">Indo-Australian Plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-0"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup> New Zealand is part of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>, a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Microcontinent" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwanan</a> supercontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-160"><a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a></sup> About 25 million years ago, a shift in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Plate_tectonic" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> movements began to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kaikoura_Orogeny" title="Kaikoura Orogeny">contort and crumple</a> the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">compression of the crust</a> beside the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a>. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> of one plate under the other, producing the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Puysegur_Trench" title="Puysegur Trench">Puysegur Trench</a> to the south, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hikurangi_Trench" title="Hikurangi Trench">Hikurangi Trench</a> east of the North Island, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kermadec_Trench" title="Kermadec Trench">Kermadec</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tonga_Trench" title="Tonga Trench">Tonga Trenches</a><sup id="cite_ref-161"><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a></sup> further north.<sup id="cite_ref-Keith_2009_159-1"><a href="#cite_note-Keith_2009-159">[152]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> New Zealand is part of a region known as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>, together with Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-NZOD_162-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZOD-162">[155]</a></sup> It also forms the southwestern extremity of the geographic and ethnographic region called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163"><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a></sup> The term <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> is often used to denote the wider region encompassing the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>, New Zealand and various islands in the Pacific Ocean that are not included in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">seven-continent</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-164"><a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <ul>
            <li>Landscapes of New Zealand </li>
            <li>
            </li>
            <li>
            </li>
            <li>
                <div>
                    <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Lake_Gunn.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/269px-Lake_Gunn.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/404px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Lake_Gunn.jpg/538px-Lake_Gunn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a>
                    </p>
                </div>
            </li>
            <li>
                <div>
                    <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Pencarrow_Head,_Wellington,_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina,_24_Feb._2007.jpg"><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/269px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/404px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg/538px-Pencarrow_Head%2C_Wellington%2C_New_Zealand_from_Santa_Regina%2C_24_Feb._2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a>
                    </p>
                </div>
            </li>
        </ul>
        <h3>
            <span id="Climate">Climate</span>
        </h3>
        <p> New Zealand's climate is predominantly temperate <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime</a> (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfb), with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10&#160;°C (50&#160;°F) in the south to 16&#160;°C (61&#160;°F) in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-0"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup> Historical <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Maxima_and_minima" title="Maxima and minima">maxima and minima</a> are 42.4&#160;°C (108.32&#160;°F) in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rangiora" title="Rangiora">Rangiora</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a> and −25.6&#160;°C (−14.08&#160;°F) in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ranfurly,_New_Zealand" title="Ranfurly, New Zealand">Ranfurly</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-niwa_166-0"><a href="#cite_note-niwa-166">[159]</a></sup> Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a> of the South Island to almost <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a> in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Central_Otago" title="Central Otago">Central Otago</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mackenzie_Basin" title="Mackenzie Basin">Mackenzie Basin</a> of inland Canterbury and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Subtropical" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Northland_Peninsula" title="Northland Peninsula">Northland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-167"><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a></sup> Of the seven largest cities, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a> is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25&#160;in) of rain per year and Wellington the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.<sup id="cite_ref-168"><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a></sup> Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average of more than 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and southwestern parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1,400–1,600 hours; the northern and northeastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive about 2,400–2,500 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-169"><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a></sup> The general snow season is early June until early October, though <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cold_snap" title="Cold snap">cold snaps</a> can occur outside this season.<sup id="cite_ref-170"><a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a></sup> Snowfall is common in the eastern and southern parts of the South Island and mountain areas across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullan2009_165-1"><a href="#cite_note-Mullan2009-165">[158]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The table below lists climate normals for the warmest and coldest months in New Zealand's six largest cities. North Island cities are generally warmest in February. South Island cities are warmest in January. </p>
        <table>
            <caption> Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the six largest cities of New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-171"><a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a></sup>
            </caption>
            <tbody>
                <tr>
                    <th> Location </th>
                    <th> Jan/Feb (°C) </th>
                    <th> Jan/Feb (°F) </th>
                    <th> July (°C) </th>
                    <th> July (°F) </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 23/16 </td>
                    <td> 74/60 </td>
                    <td> 14/7 </td>
                    <td> 58/45 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 20/13 </td>
                    <td> 68/56 </td>
                    <td> 11/6 </td>
                    <td> 52/42 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 22/12 </td>
                    <td> 72/53 </td>
                    <td> 10/0 </td>
                    <td> 51/33 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 24/13 </td>
                    <td> 75/56 </td>
                    <td> 14/4 </td>
                    <td> 57/39 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 24/15 </td>
                    <td> 75/59 </td>
                    <td> 14/6 </td>
                    <td> 58/42 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 19/11 </td>
                    <td> 66/53 </td>
                    <td> 10/3 </td>
                    <td> 50/37 </td>
                </tr>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <h3>
            <span id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeTuatahianui.jpg"><img alt="Kiwi amongst sticks" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/170px-TeTuatahianui.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/255px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TeTuatahianui.jpg/340px-TeTuatahianui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="1325" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>The endemic flightless <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a> is a national icon. </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geographic_isolation" title="Geographic isolation">geographic isolation</a> for 80 million years<sup id="cite_ref-172"><a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></sup> and island <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a> has influenced evolution of the country's species of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">animals</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">plants</a>. Physical isolation has caused biological isolation, resulting in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species.<sup id="cite_ref-173"><a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174"><a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a></sup> About 82% of New Zealand's indigenous <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, covering 1,944 species across 65 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-0"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZPCN_2006_176-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZPCN_2006-176">[169]</a></sup> The number of fungi recorded from New Zealand, including lichen-forming species, is not known, nor is the proportion of those fungi which are endemic, but one estimate suggests there are about 2,300 species of lichen-forming fungi in New Zealand<sup id="cite_ref-FAQ_175-1"><a href="#cite_note-FAQ-175">[168]</a></sup> and 40% of these are endemic.<sup id="cite_ref-177"><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a></sup> The two main types of forest are those dominated by broadleaf trees with emergent <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Podocarp" title="Podocarp">podocarps</a>, or by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nothofagus" title="Nothofagus">southern beech</a> in cooler climates.<sup id="cite_ref-178"><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a></sup> The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tussock_grasslands_of_New_Zealand" title="Tussock grasslands of New Zealand">tussock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-179"><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Before the arrival of humans, an estimated 80% of the land was covered in forest, with only <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">high alpine</a>, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.<sup id="cite_ref-180"><a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a></sup> Massive <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Deforestation_in_New_Zealand" title="Deforestation in New Zealand">deforestation</a> occurred after humans arrived, with around half the forest cover lost to fire after Polynesian settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-181"><a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a></sup> Much of the remaining forest fell after European settlement, being logged or cleared to make room for pastoral farming, leaving forest occupying only 23% of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-182"><a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg"><img alt="An artist&apos;s rendition of a Haast&apos;s eagle attacking two moa" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/220px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/330px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg/440px-Giant_Haasts_eagle_attacking_New_Zealand_moa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1101" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>The giant <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast&apos;s eagle">Haast's eagle</a> died out when humans hunted its main prey, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>, to extinction. </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> The forests were dominated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Birds_of_New_Zealand" title="Birds of New Zealand">birds</a>, and the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwi</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kakapo" title="Kakapo">kakapo</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Weka" title="Weka">weka</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Takah%C4%93" title="Takahē">takahē</a> evolving <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightlessness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183"><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a></sup> The arrival of humans, associated changes to habitat, and the introduction of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">rats</a>, ferrets and other mammals led to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene" title="List of New Zealand animals extinct in the Holocene">extinction</a> of many bird species, including <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">large birds</a> like the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haast%27s_eagle" title="Haast&apos;s eagle">Haast's eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-0"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185"><a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tuatara" title="Tuatara">tuatara</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">skinks</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_geckos_of_New_Zealand" title="List of geckos of New Zealand">geckos</a>), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Leiopelmatidae" title="Leiopelmatidae">frogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-186"><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spiders_of_New_Zealand" title="Spiders of New Zealand">spiders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-187"><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a></sup> insects (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Weta" title="Weta">weta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-188"><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a></sup> and snails.<sup id="cite_ref-189"><a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a></sup> Some, such as the tuatara, are so unique that they have been called <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Living_fossil" title="Living fossil">living fossils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190"><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a></sup> Three species of bats (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_greater_short-tailed_bat" title="New Zealand greater short-tailed bat">one</a> since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Saint_Bathans_mammal" title="Saint Bathans mammal">a unique, mouse-sized land mammal</a> at least 16 million years old.<sup id="cite_ref-191"><a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192"><a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a></sup> Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the world's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> (whales, dolphins, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) and large numbers of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fur_seal" title="Fur seal">fur seals</a> reported in New Zealand waters.<sup id="cite_ref-193"><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a></sup> Many seabirds breed in New Zealand, a third of them unique to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-194"><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a></sup> More <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_birds_of_New_Zealand#Penguins" title="List of birds of New Zealand">penguin</a> species are found in New Zealand than in any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-195"><a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Since human arrival, almost half of the country's vertebrate species have become extinct, including at least fifty-one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, and one bat. Others are endangered or have had their range severely reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Holdaway2009_184-1"><a href="#cite_note-Holdaway2009-184">[177]</a></sup> However, New Zealand conservationists have pioneered several methods to help threatened wildlife recover, including island sanctuaries, pest control, wildlife translocation, fostering, and ecological <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">restoration of islands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ecological_island" title="Ecological island">other selected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-196"><a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197"><a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198"><a href="#cite_note-198">[191]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199"><a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="Economy">Economy</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg"><img alt="Boats docked in blue-green water. Plate glass skyscrapers rising up in the background." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/220px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/330px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg/440px-Auckland_Waterfrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4568" data-file-height="3019" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> New Zealand has an <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Advanced_economy" title="Advanced economy">advanced</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-200"><a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a></sup> ranked 16th in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a><sup id="cite_ref-HDI_12-1"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[8]</a></sup> and third in the 2018 <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-201"><a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a></sup> It is a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/High-income_economy" title="High-income economy">high-income economy</a> with a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nominal_value" title="Nominal value">nominal</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) per capita of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>36,254.<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_10-4"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-10">[6]</a></sup> The currency is the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_dollar" title="New Zealand dollar">New Zealand dollar</a>, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar"; it also circulates in the Cook Islands (see <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cook_Islands_dollar" title="Cook Islands dollar">Cook Islands dollar</a>), Niue, Tokelau, and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-202"><a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Historically, extractive industries have contributed strongly to New Zealand's economy, focussing at different times on sealing, whaling, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Phormium" title="Phormium">flax</a>, gold, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, and native timber.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-0"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> The first shipment of refrigerated meat on the <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin_(ship)" title="Dunedin (ship)">Dunedin</a></i> in 1882 led to the establishment of meat and dairy exports to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-204"><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a></sup> High demand for agricultural products from the United Kingdom and the United States helped New Zealanders achieve higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-205"><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a></sup> In 1973, New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a><sup id="cite_ref-206"><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a></sup> and other compounding factors, such as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 energy</a> crises, led to a severe <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Depression_(economics)" title="Depression (economics)">economic depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207"><a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a></sup> Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">the World Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208"><a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a></sup> In the mid-1980s New Zealand deregulated its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agriculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Agriculture in New Zealand">agricultural sector</a> by phasing out <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Agricultural_subsidy" title="Agricultural subsidy">subsidies</a> over a three-year period.<sup id="cite_ref-209"><a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210"><a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a></sup> Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Macroeconomic" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> restructuring (known first as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rogernomics" title="Rogernomics">Rogernomics</a> and then <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ruthanasia" title="Ruthanasia">Ruthanasia</a>), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protected</a> and highly regulated economy to a liberalised <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Free-trade" title="Free-trade">free-trade</a> economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Liberalisation_211-0"><a href="#cite_note-Liberalisation-211">[204]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212"><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:MilfordSound.jpg"><img alt="Blue water against a backdrop of snow-capped mountains" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/220px-MilfordSound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/330px-MilfordSound.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MilfordSound.jpg/440px-MilfordSound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1364" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Milford_Sound" title="Milford Sound">Milford Sound</a> is one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-213"><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a></sup>
                </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> Unemployment peaked above 10% in 1991 and 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-0"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> following the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Black_Monday_(1987)" title="Black Monday (1987)">1987 share market crash</a>, but eventually fell to a record low (since 1986) of 3.7% in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-1"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> However, the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">global financial crisis</a> that followed had a major impact on New Zealand, with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years,<sup id="cite_ref-215"><a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216"><a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a></sup> and unemployment rising back to 7% in late 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-217"><a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a></sup> Unemployment rates for different age groups follow similar trends, but are consistently higher among youth. In the December 2014 quarter, the general unemployment rate was around 5.8%, while the unemployment rate for youth aged 15 to 21 was 15.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-unemployment_214-2"><a href="#cite_note-unemployment-214">[207]</a></sup> New Zealand has experienced a series of "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brain_drain" title="Brain drain">brain drains</a>" since the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-218"><a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a></sup> that still continue today.<sup id="cite_ref-219"><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a></sup> Nearly one quarter of highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, which is the largest proportion from any developed nation.<sup id="cite_ref-220"><a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a></sup> In recent decades, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and less developed countries.<sup id="cite_ref-221"><a href="#cite_note-221">[214]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200644_222-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200644-222">[215]</a></sup> Today New Zealand's economy benefits from a high level of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-223"><a href="#cite_note-223">[216]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Trade">Trade</span>
        </h3>
        <p> New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,<sup id="cite_ref-224"><a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a></sup> particularly in agricultural products.<sup id="cite_ref-225"><a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a></sup> Exports account for 24% of its output,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-1"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">economic slowdowns</a>. Food products made up 55% of the value of all the country's exports in 2014; wood was the second largest earner (7%).<sup id="cite_ref-226"><a href="#cite_note-226">[219]</a></sup> New Zealand's main trading partners, as at June 2018, are China (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ$" title="NZ$">NZ$</a>27.8b), Australia ($26.2b), the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> ($22.9b), the United States ($17.6b), and Japan ($8.4b).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-0"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement">New Zealand–China Free Trade Agreement</a>, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-228"><a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a></sup> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-2"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tourism_in_New_Zealand" title="Tourism in New Zealand">Tourism</a> plays a significant role in the economy, contributing $12.9 billion (or 5.6%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supporting 7.5% of the total workforce in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-0"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup> International visitor arrivals are expected to increase at a rate of 5.4% annually up to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-TourismStats_229-1"><a href="#cite_note-TourismStats-229">[222]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG"><img alt="A Romney ewe with her two lambs" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/220px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/330px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG/440px-Fauna_de_Nueva_Zelanda07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Wool has historically been one of New Zealand's major exports. </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> Wool was New Zealand's major agricultural export during the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-1"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> Even as late as the 1960s it made up over a third of all export revenues,<sup id="cite_ref-RWT_export_evolution_203-2"><a href="#cite_note-RWT_export_evolution-203">[196]</a></sup> but since then its price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities<sup id="cite_ref-230"><a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a></sup> and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-231"><a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a></sup> In contrast <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_New_Zealand" title="Dairy farming in New Zealand">dairy farming</a> increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-232"><a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a></sup> to become New Zealand's largest export earner.<sup id="cite_ref-233"><a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a></sup> In the year to June 2018, dairy products accounted for 17.7% ($14.1 billion) of total exports,<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-1"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> and the country's largest company, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fonterra" title="Fonterra">Fonterra</a>, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.<sup id="cite_ref-234"><a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a></sup> Other exports in 2017-18 were meat (8.8%), wood and wood products (6.2%), fruit (3.6%), machinery (2.2%) and wine (2.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-GSTC_StatNZ_227-2"><a href="#cite_note-GSTC_StatNZ-227">[220]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_wine" title="New Zealand wine">New Zealand's wine</a> industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,<sup id="cite_ref-235"><a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a></sup> overtaking wool exports for the first time in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-236"><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-237"><a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Air_New_Zealand,_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_(27091961041).jpg"><img alt="A mid-size jet airliner in flight. The plane livery is all-black and features a New Zealand silver fern mark." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/220px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/330px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg/440px-Air_New_Zealand%2C_Boeing_787-9_ZK-NZE_%27All_Blacks%27_NRT_%2827091961041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5625" data-file-height="3750" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> In 2015, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Renewable energy in New Zealand">renewable energy</a>, primarily <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Geothermal power in New Zealand">geothermal</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hydroelectric_power_in_New_Zealand" title="Hydroelectric power in New Zealand">hydroelectric power</a>, generated 40.1% of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Energy_in_New_Zealand" title="Energy in New Zealand">New Zealand's gross energy</a> supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-0"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup> Geothermal power alone accounted for 22% of New Zealand's energy in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Energy2015_238-1"><a href="#cite_note-Energy2015-238">[231]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The provision of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_New_Zealand" title="Water supply and sanitation in New Zealand">water supply and sanitation</a> is generally of good quality. Regional authorities provide water abstraction, treatment and distribution infrastructure to most developed areas.<sup id="cite_ref-239"><a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-240"><a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p>
            <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Transport in New Zealand">New Zealand's transport</a> network comprises 94,000 kilometres (58,410&#160;mi) of roads, including 199 kilometres (124&#160;mi) of motorways,<sup id="cite_ref-241"><a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a></sup> and 4,128 kilometres (2,565&#160;mi) of railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-3"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.<sup id="cite_ref-242"><a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand" title="Rail transport in New Zealand">railways</a> were privatised in 1993, but were re-nationalised by the government in stages between 2004 and 2008. The state-owned enterprise <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/KiwiRail" title="KiwiRail">KiwiRail</a> now operates the railways, with the exception of commuter services in Auckland and Wellington which are operated by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Transdev_Auckland" title="Transdev Auckland">Transdev</a><sup id="cite_ref-243"><a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a></sup> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Public_transport_in_the_Wellington_Region" title="Public transport in the Wellington Region">Metlink</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-244"><a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a></sup> respectively. Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-245"><a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a></sup> Most international visitors arrive via air<sup id="cite_ref-246"><a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a></sup> and New Zealand has <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_Zealand" title="List of airports in New Zealand">six international airports</a>, but currently only the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch_International_Airport" title="Christchurch International Airport">Christchurch airports</a> connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-247"><a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Post_Office" title="New Zealand Post Office">New Zealand Post Office</a> had a monopoly over <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">telecommunications in New Zealand</a> until 1987 when <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spark_New_Zealand" title="Spark New Zealand">Telecom New Zealand</a> was formed, initially as a state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chorus_Limited" title="Chorus Limited">Chorus</a>, which was split from Telecom (now Spark) in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-249"><a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a></sup> still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2010_248-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2010-248">[241]</a></sup> A large-scale rollout of gigabit-capable <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fibre_to_the_premises" title="Fibre to the premises">fibre to the premises</a>, branded as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ultra-Fast_Broadband" title="Ultra-Fast Broadband">Ultra-Fast Broadband</a>, began in 2009 with a target of being available to 87% of the population by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-250"><a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a></sup> As of 2017, the United Nations <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> ranks New Zealand 13th in the development of information and communications infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-251"><a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="Demography">Demography</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:New_Zealandpop.svg"><img alt="Stationary population pyramid broken down into 21 age ranges." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/280px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/420px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/New_Zealandpop.svg/560px-New_Zealandpop.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census" title="2013 New Zealand census">2013 New Zealand census</a> enumerated a resident population of 4,242,048, an increase of 5.3% over the 2006 figure.<sup id="cite_ref-252"><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254"><a href="#cite_note-254">[n 8]</a></sup> As of September 2019, the total population has risen to an estimated 4,933,210.<sup id="cite_ref-populationestimate_9-1"><a href="#cite_note-populationestimate-9">[5]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 73.0% of the population living in the seventeen main <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> (i.e. population 30,000 or greater) and 55.1% living in the four largest cities of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_255-0"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-255">[247]</a></sup> New Zealand cities generally rank highly on international livability measures. For instance, in 2016 Auckland was ranked the world's third <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Most_liveable_city" title="Most liveable city">most liveable city</a> and Wellington the twelfth by the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mercer_Quality_of_Living_Survey" title="Mercer Quality of Living Survey">Mercer Quality of Living Survey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256"><a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Life expectancy for New Zealanders in 2012 was 84 years for females, and 80.2 years for males.<sup id="cite_ref-257"><a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a></sup> Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-0"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> New Zealand's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Fertility_rate" title="Fertility rate">fertility rate</a> of 2.1 is relatively high for a developed country, and natural births account for a significant proportion of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Replacement_fertility_rate" title="Replacement fertility rate">population growth</a>. Consequently, the country has a young population compared to most industrialised nations, with 20% of New Zealanders being 14 years old or younger.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-4"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> In 2018 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Median_age" title="Median age">median age</a> of the New Zealand population was 38.1 years.<sup id="cite_ref-259"><a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a></sup> By 2050 the median age is projected to rise to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older to rise from 18% to 29%.<sup id="cite_ref-UNtwspop_258-1"><a href="#cite_note-UNtwspop-258">[250]</a></sup> In 2008 the leading cause of premature death was <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, at 29.8%, followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ischaemic_heart_disease" title="Ischaemic heart disease">ischaemic heart disease</a>, 19.7%, and then <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a>, 9.2%.<sup id="cite_ref-260"><a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a></sup> As of 2016, total expenditure on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Health_care_in_New_Zealand" title="Health care in New Zealand">health care</a> (including private sector spending) is 9.2% of GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-261"><a href="#cite_note-261">[253]</a></sup><br />
        </p>
        <table>
            <tbody>
                <tr>
                    <th colspan="10">
                        <div>
                            <ul>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="Template talk:Largest cities in New Zealand"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a>
                                </li>
                                <li>
                                    <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_cities_in_New_Zealand&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a>
                                </li>
                            </ul>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <p><span>Largest urban areas in New Zealand</span></p>
                            <div>
                                <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a> June 2018 estimate (<abbr title="New Zealand Standard Areas Classification 1992">NZSAC92</abbr> boundaries)<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_population_data_262-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_population_data-262">[254]</a></sup>
                                </p>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <th></th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Rank</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_Zealand" title="List of cities in New Zealand">Name</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">Region</a>
                    </th>
                    <th>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_urban_areas_by_population" title="List of New Zealand urban areas by population">Pop.</a>
                    </th>
                    <th></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td rowspan="11">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Auckland_Cbd_(217403753).jpeg" title="Auckland"><img alt="Auckland" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/120px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/180px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg/240px-Auckland_Cbd_%28217403753%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1362" /></a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" title="Wellington"><img alt="Wellington" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/120px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/180px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Wellington_at_dawn.jpg/240px-Wellington_at_dawn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2479" /></a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 1 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 1,628,900 </td>
                    <td> 11 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whangarei" title="Whangarei">Whangarei</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 58,800 </td>
                    <td rowspan="11">
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_(2).jpg" title="Christchurch"><img alt="Christchurch" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/120px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/180px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg/240px-Aerial_image_of_Christchurch_suburbs_-_Flickr_-_NZ_Defence_Force_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" title="Hamilton"><img alt="Hamilton" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/120px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/180px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg/240px-HamiltonNZfromUni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2528" /></a><br />
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>
                    </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 2 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 418,500 </td>
                    <td> 12 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Plymouth" title="New Plymouth">New Plymouth</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 58,300 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 3 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 404,500 </td>
                    <td> 13 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Invercargill" title="Invercargill">Invercargill</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 51,200 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 4 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealand" title="Hamilton, New Zealand">Hamilton</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 241,200 </td>
                    <td> 14 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kapiti_Urban_Area" title="Kapiti Urban Area">Kapiti</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wellington_Region" title="Wellington Region">Wellington</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 42,700 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 5 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tauranga" title="Tauranga">Tauranga</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 141,600 </td>
                    <td> 15 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whanganui" title="Whanganui">Whanganui</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 40,900 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 6 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Napier-Hastings_Urban_Area" title="Napier-Hastings Urban Area">Napier-Hastings</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region" title="Hawke&apos;s Bay Region">Hawke's Bay</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 134,500 </td>
                    <td> 16 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gisborne,_New_Zealand" title="Gisborne, New Zealand">Gisborne</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Gisborne_Region" title="Gisborne Region">Gisborne</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 37,200 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 7 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dunedin" title="Dunedin">Dunedin</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Otago" title="Otago">Otago</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 122,000 </td>
                    <td> 17 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Blenheim,_New_Zealand" title="Blenheim, New Zealand">Blenheim</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marlborough_Region" title="Marlborough Region">Marlborough</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 31,600 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 8 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Palmerston_North" title="Palmerston North">Palmerston North</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Manawatu-Wanganui" title="Manawatu-Wanganui">Manawatu-Wanganui</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 86,600 </td>
                    <td> 18 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pukekohe" title="Pukekohe">Pukekohe</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 31,400 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 9 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nelson,_New_Zealand" title="Nelson, New Zealand">Nelson</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Nelson_Region" title="Nelson Region">Nelson</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 67,500 </td>
                    <td> 19 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Timaru" title="Timaru">Timaru</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Canterbury,_New_Zealand" title="Canterbury, New Zealand">Canterbury</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 29,100 </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td> 10 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty" title="Bay of Plenty">Bay of Plenty</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 59,500 </td>
                    <td> 20 </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Taupo" title="Taupo">Taupo</a>
                    </td>
                    <td>
                        <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waikato" title="Waikato">Waikato</a>
                    </td>
                    <td> 24,700 </td>
                </tr>
            </tbody>
        </table>
        <h3>
            <span id="Ethnicity_and_immigration">Ethnicity and immigration</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg"><img alt="Pedestrians crossing a wide street which is flanked by storefronts" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/220px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/330px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg/440px-Queen_Street_Midtown_Auckland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="604" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Pedestrians on <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Queen_Street,_Auckland" title="Queen Street, Auckland">Queen Street</a> in Auckland, an ethnically diverse city </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> In the 2013 census, 74.0% of New Zealand residents identified ethnically as European, and 14.9% as Māori. Other major ethnic groups include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders" title="Asian New Zealanders">Asian</a> (11.8%) and Pacific peoples (7.4%), two-thirds of whom live in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_Region" title="Auckland Region">Auckland Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-QuickStats_ethnicity_263-0"><a href="#cite_note-QuickStats_ethnicity-263">[255]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicity-6">[n 3]</a></sup> The population has become more diverse in recent decades: in 1961, the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92% European and 7% Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-264"><a href="#cite_note-264">[256]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> While the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwi_(people)" title="Kiwi (people)">Kiwi</a>" is commonly used both internationally<sup id="cite_ref-265"><a href="#cite_note-265">[257]</a></sup> and by locals.<sup id="cite_ref-266"><a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a></sup> The Māori loanword <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81" title="Pākehā">Pākehā</a> has been used to refer to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/European_New_Zealanders" title="European New Zealanders">New Zealanders of European descent</a>, although others reject this appellation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200631_267-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200631-267">[259]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-268"><a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a></sup> The word Pākehā today is increasingly used to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakeha_269-0"><a href="#cite_note-Pakeha-269">[261]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81_settlers" title="Pākehā settlers">European settlers</a>. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia because of restrictive policies similar to the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270"><a href="#cite_note-270">[262]</a></sup> There was also significant Dutch, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-271"><a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a></sup> German, and Italian immigration, together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-272"><a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-0"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup> Net migration increased after the Second World War; in the 1970s and 1980s policies were relaxed and immigration from Asia was promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Immigration_history_273-1"><a href="#cite_note-Immigration_history-273">[265]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274"><a href="#cite_note-274">[266]</a></sup> In 2009–10, an annual target of 45,000–50,000 permanent residence approvals was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service—more than one new migrant for every 100 New Zealand residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Recent_immigration_275-0"><a href="#cite_note-Recent_immigration-275">[267]</a></sup> Just over 25% of New Zealand's population was born overseas, with the majority (52%) living in the Auckland Region. The United Kingdom remains the largest source of New Zealand's overseas population, with a quarter of all overseas-born New Zealanders born there; other major sources of New Zealand's overseas-born population are China, India, Australia, South Africa, Fiji and Samoa.<sup id="cite_ref-276"><a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a></sup> The number of fee-paying <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_student" title="International student">international students</a> increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary institutions</a> in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-277"><a href="#cite_note-277">[269]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Language">Language</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:TeReoMaori2013.png"><img alt="Map of New Zealand showing the percentage of people in each census area unit who speak Māori. Areas of the North Island exhibit the highest Māori proficiency." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/220px-TeReoMaori2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/330px-TeReoMaori2013.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/TeReoMaori2013.png/440px-TeReoMaori2013.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3759" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census<sup id="cite_ref-278"><a href="#cite_note-278">[270]</a></sup></p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;Less than 5% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 5% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 10% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 20% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 30% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 40% </p>
                <p><span>&#160;</span>&#160;More than 50% </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 96.1% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-0"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a> is similar to <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a> apart.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814_280-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200814-280">[272]</a></sup> The most prominent differences between the New Zealand English dialect and other English dialects are the shifts in the short front vowels: the short-"i" sound (as in "kit") has centralised towards the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Schwa" title="Schwa">schwa</a> sound (the "a" in "comma" and "about"); the short-"e" sound (as in "dress") has moved towards the short-"i" sound; and the short-"a" sound (as in "trap") has moved to the short-"e" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-281"><a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Te_reo_M%C4%81ori" title="Te reo Māori">te reo Māori</a></i>) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-0"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,<sup id="cite_ref-283"><a href="#cite_note-283">[275]</a></sup> being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-284"><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a></sup> and is spoken by 3.7% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-1"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-286"><a href="#cite_note-286">[n 9]</a></sup> There are now Māori language immersion schools and two television channels that broadcast predominantly in Māori.<sup id="cite_ref-287"><a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_dual_place_names_in_New_Zealand" title="List of dual place names in New Zealand">Many places</a> have both their Māori and English names officially recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-288"><a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> As recorded in the 2013 census,<sup id="cite_ref-SpokenLanguage_279-2"><a href="#cite_note-SpokenLanguage-279">[271]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2%),<sup id="cite_ref-289"><a href="#cite_note-289">[n 10]</a></sup> followed by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (1.7%), "Northern Chinese" (including <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, 1.3%) and French (1.2%). 20,235 people (0.5%) reported the ability to use <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand Sign Language</a>. It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-290"><a href="#cite_note-290">[280]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Religion">Religion</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg"><img alt="Simple white building with two red domed towers" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/170px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/255px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg/340px-Ratana_Church_Raetihi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1624" data-file-height="2164" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> church on a hill near <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Raetihi" title="Raetihi">Raetihi</a>. The two-tower construction is characteristic of Rātana buildings. </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p>
            <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">Christianity</a> is the predominant religion in New Zealand, although its society is among the most <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Secular" title="Secular">secular</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-291"><a href="#cite_note-291">[281]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292"><a href="#cite_note-292">[282]</a></sup> In the 2018 census, 51.4% of the population identified with one or more religions, including 38.6% identifying as Christians. Another 48.6% indicated that they had no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-293"><a href="#cite_note-293">[n 11]</a></sup> The main Christian denominations are, by number of adherents, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_New_Zealand" title="Catholic Church in New Zealand">Roman Catholicism</a> (10.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Aotearoa,_New_Zealand_and_Polynesia" title="Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia">Anglicanism</a> (6.8%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand" title="Presbyterian Church of Aotearoa New Zealand">Presbyterianism</a> (5.5%) and "Christian not further defined" (i.e. people identifying as Christian but not stating the denomination, 6.6%). The Māori-based <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ringat%C5%AB" title="Ringatū">Ringatū</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/R%C4%81tana" title="Rātana">Rātana</a> religions (1.3%) are also Christian in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-0"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-296"><a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a></sup> Immigration and demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,<sup id="cite_ref-297"><a href="#cite_note-297">[286]</a></sup> such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand" title="Hinduism in New Zealand">Hinduism</a> (2.6%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">Buddhism</a> (1.1%), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Islam_in_New_Zealand" title="Islam in New Zealand">Islam</a> (1.3%) and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">Sikhism</a> (0.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-1"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup> The Auckland Region exhibited the greatest religious diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-2013statstables_295-2"><a href="#cite_note-2013statstables-295">[284]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Education">Education</span>
        </h3>
        <p> Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-0"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are 13 school years and attending <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state (public) schools</a> is free to New Zealand citizens and permanent residents from a person's 5th birthday to the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-299"><a href="#cite_note-299">[288]</a></sup> New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99%,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_150-5"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-150">[143]</a></sup> and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_Stats_298-1"><a href="#cite_note-Education_Stats-298">[287]</a></sup> There are five types of government-owned tertiary institutions: universities, colleges of education, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Institute_of_technology#New_Zealand" title="Institute of technology">polytechnics</a>, specialist colleges, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/W%C4%81nanga" title="Wānanga">wānanga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EducationAct1989_300-0"><a href="#cite_note-EducationAct1989-300">[289]</a></sup> in addition to private training establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-NZQA_301-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZQA-301">[290]</a></sup> In the adult population 14.2% have a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor&apos;s degree">bachelor's degree</a> or higher, 30.4% have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4% have no formal qualification.<sup id="cite_ref-TertiaryEdStats_302-0"><a href="#cite_note-TertiaryEdStats-302">[291]</a></sup> The OECD's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> ranks New Zealand's education system as the seventh best in the world, with students performing exceptionally well in reading, mathematics and science.<sup id="cite_ref-303"><a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="Culture">Culture</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:KupeWheke.jpg" title="Use the scrollbar to see the full image."><img alt="Tall wooden carving showing Kupe above two tentacled sea creatures" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/150px-KupeWheke.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="605" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/225px-KupeWheke.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/KupeWheke.jpg/300px-KupeWheke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="1570" /></a>
            </p>
            <div>
                <p>Late 20th-century house-post depicting the navigator <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kupe" title="Kupe">Kupe</a> fighting two sea creatures </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> Early Māori adapted the tropically based east <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a> in line with the challenges associated with a larger and more diverse environment, eventually developing their own distinctive culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wh%C4%81nau" title="Whānau">whānau</a></i>), subtribes (<i>hapū</i>) and tribes (<i>iwi</i>) ruled by a chief (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rangatira" title="Rangatira">rangatira</a></i>), whose position was subject to the community's approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398_304-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007398-304">[293]</a></sup> The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,<sup id="cite_ref-305"><a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-306"><a href="#cite_note-306">[295]</a></sup> particularly with the introduction of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-307"><a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a></sup> However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">their identity</a>, and Māori kinship roles resemble <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">those of other Polynesian peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-308"><a href="#cite_note-308">[297]</a></sup> More recently <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Australian</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian</a> and other <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">European cultures</a> have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika</a>, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland.<sup id="cite_ref-309"><a href="#cite_note-309">[298]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400_310-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007400-310">[299]</a></sup> Modesty was expected and enforced through the "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tall_poppy_syndrome" title="Tall poppy syndrome">tall poppy syndrome</a>", where high achievers received harsh criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399_311-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2007399-311">[300]</a></sup> At the time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country.<sup id="cite_ref-312"><a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a></sup> From the early 20th century until the late 1960s, Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">assimilation</a> of Māori into British New Zealanders.<sup id="cite_ref-Maori_language_282-1"><a href="#cite_note-Maori_language-282">[274]</a></sup> In the 1960s, as tertiary education became more available and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">cities expanded</a><sup id="cite_ref-313"><a href="#cite_note-313">[302]</a></sup> urban culture began to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-314"><a href="#cite_note-314">[303]</a></sup> However, rural imagery and themes are common in New Zealand's art, literature and media.<sup id="cite_ref-315"><a href="#cite_note-315">[304]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p>
            <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_symbols_of_New_Zealand" title="National symbols of New Zealand">New Zealand's national symbols</a> are influenced by natural, historical, and Māori sources. The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Silver_fern" title="Silver fern">silver fern</a> is an emblem appearing on army insignia and sporting team uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-0"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup> Certain items of popular culture thought to be unique to New Zealand are called "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwiana" title="Kiwiana">Kiwiana</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson2016_316-1"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson2016-316">[305]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Art">Art</span>
        </h3>
        <p> As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practised and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-0"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup> Most Māori carvings feature human figures, generally with three fingers and either a natural-looking, detailed head or a grotesque head.<sup id="cite_ref-318"><a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a></sup> Surface patterns consisting of spirals, ridges, notches and fish scales decorate most carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-319"><a href="#cite_note-319">[308]</a></sup> The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Wharenui" title="Wharenui">wharenui</a></i>) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different whims or needs.<sup id="cite_ref-320"><a href="#cite_note-320">[309]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> Māori decorated the white wood of buildings, canoes and cenotaphs using red (a mixture of red <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> and shark fat) and black (made from soot) paint and painted pictures of birds, reptiles and other designs on cave walls.<sup id="cite_ref-321"><a href="#cite_note-321">[310]</a></sup> Māori tattoos (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a></i>) consisting of coloured soot mixed with gum were cut into the flesh with a bone chisel.<sup id="cite_ref-322"><a href="#cite_note-322">[311]</a></sup> Since European arrival paintings and photographs have been dominated by landscapes, originally not as works of art but as factual portrayals of New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-0"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> Portraits of Māori were also common, with early painters often portraying them as "<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>", exotic beauties or friendly natives.<sup id="cite_ref-beginnings_323-1"><a href="#cite_note-beginnings-323">[312]</a></sup> The country's isolation delayed the influence of European artistic trends allowing local artists to develop their own distinctive style of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">regionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-324"><a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a></sup> During the 1960s and 1970s many artists combined traditional Māori and Western techniques, creating unique art forms.<sup id="cite_ref-325"><a href="#cite_note-325">[314]</a></sup> New Zealand art and craft has gradually achieved an international audience, with exhibitions in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 2001 and the "Paradise Now" exhibition in New York in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Creative_317-1"><a href="#cite_note-Creative-317">[306]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-326"><a href="#cite_note-326">[315]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hinepare.jpg"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/170px-Hinepare.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/255px-Hinepare.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Hinepare.jpg/340px-Hinepare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="700" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> Māori cloaks are made of fine flax fibre and patterned with black, red and white triangles, diamonds and other geometric shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-327"><a href="#cite_note-327">[316]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">Greenstone</a> was fashioned into earrings and necklaces, with the most well-known design being the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a>, a distorted human figure sitting cross-legged with its head tilted to the side.<sup id="cite_ref-328"><a href="#cite_note-328">[317]</a></sup> Europeans brought English fashion etiquette to New Zealand, and until the 1950s most people dressed up for social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-329"><a href="#cite_note-329">[318]</a></sup> Standards have since relaxed and New Zealand fashion has received a reputation for being casual, practical and lacklustre.<sup id="cite_ref-330"><a href="#cite_note-330">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-0"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup> However, the local fashion industry has grown significantly since 2000, doubling exports and increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels, with some labels gaining international recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economist_print_edition_331-1"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economist_print_edition-331">[320]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Literature">Literature</span>
        </h3>
        <p> Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.<sup id="cite_ref-332"><a href="#cite_note-332">[321]</a></sup> Most early English literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when local publishing outlets increased that New Zealand literature started to become widely known.<sup id="cite_ref-333"><a href="#cite_note-333">[322]</a></sup> Although still largely influenced by global trends (<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Literary_modernism" title="Literary modernism">modernism</a>) and events (the Great Depression), writers in the 1930s began to develop stories increasingly focused on their experiences in New Zealand. During this period literature changed from a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalistic</a> activity to a more academic pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-334"><a href="#cite_note-334">[323]</a></sup> Participation in the world wars gave some New Zealand writers a new perspective on New Zealand culture and with the post-war expansion of universities local literature flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-335"><a href="#cite_note-335">[324]</a></sup> Dunedin is a UNESCO <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/City_of_Literature" title="City of Literature">City of Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-336"><a href="#cite_note-336">[325]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</span>
        </h3>
        <p> New Zealand music has been influenced by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, with many of these genres given a unique New Zealand interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-0"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Māori developed traditional chants and songs from their ancient Southeast Asian origins, and after centuries of isolation created a unique "monotonous" and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doleful" title="wikt:doleful">doleful</a>" sound.<sup id="cite_ref-338"><a href="#cite_note-338">[327]</a></sup> Flutes and trumpets were used as musical instruments<sup id="cite_ref-339"><a href="#cite_note-339">[328]</a></sup> or as signalling devices during war or special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-340"><a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a></sup> Early settlers brought over their ethnic music, with <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Brass_band" title="Brass band">brass bands</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a> being popular, and musicians began touring New Zealand in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-341"><a href="#cite_note-341">[330]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-342"><a href="#cite_note-342">[331]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pipe_band" title="Pipe band">Pipe bands</a> became widespread during the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-343"><a href="#cite_note-343">[332]</a></sup> The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-music_337-1"><a href="#cite_note-music-337">[326]</a></sup> Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></i> (song and dance) has made a resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-344"><a href="#cite_note-344">[333]</a></sup> The <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Music_Awards" title="New Zealand Music Awards">New Zealand Music Awards</a> are held annually by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ" title="Recorded Music NZ">Recorded Music NZ</a>; the awards were first held in 1965 by <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Reckitt_%26_Colman" title="Reckitt &amp; Colman">Reckitt &amp; Colman</a> as the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Loxene_Golden_Disc" title="Loxene Golden Disc">Loxene Golden Disc</a> awards.<sup id="cite_ref-345"><a href="#cite_note-345">[334]</a></sup> Recorded Music NZ also publishes the country's <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">official weekly record charts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-346"><a href="#cite_note-346">[335]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg"><img alt="Hills with inset, round doors. Reflected in water." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/220px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/330px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg/440px-Hobbit_holes_reflected_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> Public <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Radio_in_New_Zealand" title="Radio in New Zealand">radio</a> was introduced in New Zealand in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-348"><a href="#cite_note-348">[337]</a></sup> A state-owned <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Television_in_New_Zealand" title="Television in New Zealand">television service</a> began in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-349"><a href="#cite_note-349">[338]</a></sup> Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-0"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> New Zealand television primarily broadcasts American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows.<sup id="cite_ref-351"><a href="#cite_note-351">[340]</a></sup> The number of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand_films" title="List of New Zealand films">New Zealand films</a> significantly increased during the 1970s. In 1978 the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_Film_Commission" title="New Zealand Film Commission">New Zealand Film Commission</a> started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement.<sup id="cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-1"><a href="#cite_note-NZ_TV-350">[339]</a></sup> The highest-grossing New Zealand films are <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Hunt_for_the_Wilderpeople" title="Hunt for the Wilderpeople">Hunt for the Wilderpeople</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Boy_(2010_film)" title="Boy (2010 film)">Boy</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_World%27s_Fastest_Indian" title="The World&apos;s Fastest Indian">The World's Fastest Indian</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whale_Rider" title="Whale Rider">Whale Rider</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-352"><a href="#cite_note-352">[341]</a></sup> The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,<sup id="cite_ref-353"><a href="#cite_note-353">[342]</a></sup> have encouraged some <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">producers</a> to shoot big-budget productions in New Zealand, including <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Hobbit_(film_series)" title="The Hobbit (film series)">The Hobbit</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></i>, <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/King_Kong_(2005_film)" title="King Kong (2005 film)">King Kong</a></i> and <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-354"><a href="#cite_note-354">[343]</a></sup> The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Crown_entity" title="Crown entity">state retains ownership</a> of some television and radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-355"><a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a></sup> Since 1994, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> has consistently ranked New Zealand's press freedom in the top twenty, with the 19th freest media in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-356"><a href="#cite_note-356">[345]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Sports">Sports</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Haka_2006.jpg"><img alt="Rugby team wearing all black, facing the camera, knees bent, and facing toward a team wearing white" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/220px-Haka_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/330px-Haka_2006.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Haka_2006.jpg/440px-Haka_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></p>
        </div>
        <p> Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have British origins.<sup id="cite_ref-357"><a href="#cite_note-357">[346]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> is considered the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a><sup id="cite_ref-358"><a href="#cite_note-358">[347]</a></sup> and attracts the most spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-0"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">Golf</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> have the highest rates of adult participation, while netball, rugby union and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football (soccer)</a> are particularly popular among young people.<sup id="cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-1"><a href="#cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">[348]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-0"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Around 54% of New Zealand adolescents participate in sports for their school.<sup id="cite_ref-nzsssc_360-1"><a href="#cite_note-nzsssc-360">[349]</a></sup> Victorious rugby tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/1888%E2%80%9389_New_Zealand_Native_football_team" title="1888–89 New Zealand Native football team">late 1880s</a> and the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_Original_All_Blacks" title="The Original All Blacks">early 1900s</a> played an early role in instilling a national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-361"><a href="#cite_note-361">[350]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Horseracing_in_New_Zealand" title="Horseracing in New Zealand">Horseracing</a> was also a popular <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-362"><a href="#cite_note-362">[351]</a></sup> Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and the country's team performs a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Haka_(sports)" title="Haka (sports)">haka</a>, a traditional Māori challenge, before international matches.<sup id="cite_ref-363"><a href="#cite_note-363">[352]</a></sup> New Zealand is known for its <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sports</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">adventure tourism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_364-0"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-364">[353]</a></sup> and strong <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> tradition, as seen in the success of notable New Zealander <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-365"><a href="#cite_note-365">[354]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-366"><a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a></sup> Other outdoor pursuits such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Cycling_in_New_Zealand" title="Cycling in New Zealand">cycling</a>, fishing, swimming, running, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" title="Tramping in New Zealand">tramping</a>, canoeing, hunting, snowsports, surfing and sailing are also popular.<sup id="cite_ref-SportsParticipation_367-0"><a href="#cite_note-SportsParticipation-367">[356]</a></sup> The Polynesian sport of <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Waka_ama" title="Waka ama">waka ama</a> racing has experienced a resurgence of interest in New Zealand since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-368"><a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <p> New Zealand has competitive international teams in <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team" title="New Zealand national rugby union team">rugby union</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_league_team" title="New Zealand national rugby league team">rugby league</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_netball_team" title="New Zealand national netball team">netball</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_national_cricket_team" title="New Zealand national cricket team">cricket</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_men%27s_national_softball_team" title="New Zealand men&apos;s national softball team">softball</a>, and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Team_New_Zealand" title="Team New Zealand">sailing</a>. New Zealand participated at the <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Summer_Olympics" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> in 1908 and 1912 as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Australasia_at_the_Olympics" title="Australasia at the Olympics">a joint team with Australia</a>, before first participating <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/New_Zealand_at_the_Olympics" title="New Zealand at the Olympics">on its own</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-369"><a href="#cite_note-369">[358]</a></sup> The country has ranked highly on a medals-to-population ratio at recent Games.<sup id="cite_ref-370"><a href="#cite_note-370">[359]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-371"><a href="#cite_note-371">[360]</a></sup> The "All Blacks", the national rugby union team, are the most successful in the history of international rugby<sup id="cite_ref-372"><a href="#cite_note-372">[361]</a></sup> and the reigning <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">World Cup</a> champions.<sup id="cite_ref-373"><a href="#cite_note-373">[362]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h3>
            <span id="Cuisine">Cuisine</span>
        </h3>
        <div>
            <p><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/File:Hangi_ingredients.jpg"><img alt="Raw meat and vegetables" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/220px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/330px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hangi_ingredients.jpg/440px-Hangi_ingredients.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a></p>
            <div>
                <p>Ingredients to be prepared for a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a>
                </p>
            </div>
        </div>
        <p> The national cuisine has been described as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a>, incorporating the native <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/M%C4%81ori_cuisine" title="Māori cuisine">Māori cuisine</a> and diverse culinary traditions introduced by settlers and immigrants from Europe, Polynesia and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-0"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> New Zealand yields produce from land and sea—most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-375"><a href="#cite_note-375">[364]</a></sup> Distinctive ingredients or dishes include <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, salmon, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%8Dura" title="Kōura">kōura</a> (crayfish),<sup id="cite_ref-376"><a href="#cite_note-376">[365]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Dredge_oyster" title="Dredge oyster">dredge oysters</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">whitebait</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">pāua</a> (abalone), mussels, scallops, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Paphies_australis" title="Paphies australis">pipis</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">tuatua</a> (both are types of New Zealand shellfish),<sup id="cite_ref-377"><a href="#cite_note-377">[366]</a></sup> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/K%C5%ABmara" title="Kūmara">kūmara</a> (sweet potato), <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tamarillo" title="Tamarillo">tamarillo</a> and <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Pavlova_(food)" title="Pavlova (food)">pavlova</a> (considered a national dish).<sup id="cite_ref-378"><a href="#cite_note-378">[367]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cuisine_374-1"><a href="#cite_note-cuisine-374">[363]</a></sup> A <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/H%C4%81ngi" title="Hāngi">hāngi</a> is a traditional Māori method of cooking food using heated rocks buried in a pit oven. After European colonisation, Māori began cooking with pots and ovens and the hāngi was used less frequently, although it is still used for formal occasions such as <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Tangihanga" title="Tangihanga">tangihanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-379"><a href="#cite_note-379">[368]</a></sup>
        </p>
        <h2>
            <span id="See_also">See also</span>
        </h2>
        <ul>
            <li>
                <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Outline_of_New_Zealand" title="Outline of New Zealand">Outline of New Zealand</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/List_of_New_Zealand-related_topics" title="List of New Zealand-related topics">List of New Zealand-related topics</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
        <h2>
            <span id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <ol>
                <li id="cite_note-2">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span>"God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and viceregal occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-1"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-4">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span>English is a <i>de facto</i> official language due to its widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-3"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-ethnicity-6">
                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnicity_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span>Ethnicity figures add to more than 100% as people could choose more than one ethnic group.</span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-8">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span>The proportion of New Zealand's area (excluding estuaries) covered by rivers, lakes and ponds, based on figures from the New Zealand Land Cover Database,<sup id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7">[4]</a></sup> is (357526 + 81936) / (26821559 – 92499–26033 – 19216) = 1.6%. If estuarine open water, mangroves, and herbaceous saline vegetation are included, the figure is 2.2%.</span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-13">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span>The Chatham Islands have a <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Chatham_Standard_Time_Zone" title="Chatham Standard Time Zone">separate time zone</a>, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand.</span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-15">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span>Clocks are advanced by an hour from the last Sunday in September until the first Sunday in April.<sup id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14">[9]</a></sup> Daylight saving time is also observed in the Chatham Islands, 45 minutes ahead of NZDT.</span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-144">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span>A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. People born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (<i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Jus_soli" title="Jus soli">jus soli</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-143"><a href="#cite_note-143">[137]</a></sup></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-254">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span>The population is increasing at a rate of 1.4–2.0% per year and is projected to rise to 5.01–5.51 million in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-253"><a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a></sup></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-286">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a></b></span> <span>In 2015, 55% of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported knowledge of <i>te reo Māori</i>. Of these speakers, 64% use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".<sup id="cite_ref-tereoMaori_285-0"><a href="#cite_note-tereoMaori-285">[277]</a></sup></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-289">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span>Of the 86,403 people that replied they spoke Samoan, 51,336 lived in the Auckland Region.</span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-293">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span>Religion percentages may not add to 100% as people could claim multiple religions or object to answering the question.</span>
                </li>
            </ol>
        </div>
        <h2>
            <span id="Citations">Citations</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <ol>
                <li id="cite_note-1">
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>New Zealand Government (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124193521/http://mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights Fifth Periodic Report of the Government of New Zealand</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). p.&#160;89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mfat.govt.nz/downloads/humanrights/5th-ICCPR-report.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2015<span>. Retrieved <span>18 November</span> 2015</span>. <q>In addition to the Māori language, New Zealand Sign Language is also an official language of New Zealand. The New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006 permits the use of NZSL in legal proceedings, facilitates competency standards for its interpretation and guides government departments in its promotion and use. English, the medium for teaching and learning in most schools, is a de facto official language by virtue of its widespread use. For these reasons, these three languages have special mention in the New Zealand Curriculum.</q></cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2018_pdc_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-population-and-dwelling-counts">"2018 Census population and dwelling counts"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a><span>. Retrieved <span>26 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/land/land-cover-dbase/index.html">"The New Zealand Land Cover Database"</a>. <i>New Zealand Land Cover Database 2</i>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Ministry_for_the_Environment_(New_Zealand)" title="Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand)">Ministry for the Environment</a>. 1 July 2009<span>. Retrieved <span>26 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imf2_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2018&amp;ey=2023&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;pr1.x=45&amp;pr1.y=1&amp;c=196&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a=">"New Zealand"</a>. International Monetary Fund<span>. Retrieved <span>9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/snapshots-of-nz/nz-social-indicators/Home/Standard%20of%20living/income-inequality.aspx#anchor26">"Income inequality"</a>. Statistics New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>14 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf">"Human Development Report 2018"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Human_Development_Report" title="Human Development Report">HDRO (Human Development Report Office)</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. p.&#160;22<span>. Retrieved <span>14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2007/0185/latest/whole.html">"New Zealand Daylight Time Order 2007 (SR 2007/185)"</a>. New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. 6 July 2007<span>. Retrieved <span>6 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span>There is no official all-numeric date format for New Zealand, but government recommendations generally follow <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Australia" title="Date and time notation in Australia">Australian date and time notation</a>. See <cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.govt.nz/about/about-this-website/style-and-design/the-govt-nz-style-guide/">"The Govt.nz style guide"</a>, <i>New Zealand Government</i>, 9 December 2016<span>, retrieved <span>7 March</span> 2019</span></cite> </span> .
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Tasman, Abel. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks06/0600611.txt">"JOURNAL or DESCRIPTION By me <i>Abel Jansz Tasman</i>, Of a Voyage from <i>Batavia</i> for making Discoveries of the <i>Unknown South Land</i> in the year 1642"</a>. Project Gutenberg Australia<span>. Retrieved <span>26 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>John Bathgate. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz//tm/scholarly/tei-Stout44-t2-body-d1-d1.html">"The Pamphlet Collection of Sir Robert Stout:Volume 44. Chapter 1, Discovery and Settlement"</a>. NZETC<span>. Retrieved <span>17 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>He named the country Staaten Land, in honour of the States-General of Holland, in the belief that it was part of the great southern continent.</q></cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Wilson, John (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/european-discovery-of-new-zealand/3">"Tasman's achievement"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>16 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing200341_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFKing2003">King 2003</a>, p.&#160;41.</span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayMaclaganGordon200872_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008">Hay, Maclagan &amp; Gordon 2008</a>, p.&#160;72.</span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [originally published in 1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/1"><i>Maori Music</i></a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/An_Encyclopaedia_of_New_Zealand" title="An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand">An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand</a><span>. Retrieved <span>15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/6"><i>Musical Instruments</i></a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/maori-music/7"><i>Instruments Used for Non-musical Purposes</i></a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>16 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/music/1"><i>Music: General History</i></a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>15 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/music/3"><i>Music: Brass Bands</i></a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>McLintock, Alexander, ed. (April 2009) [1966]. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/music/7"><i>Music: Pipe Bands</i></a>. An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand<span>. Retrieved <span>14 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8">"Creative life – Performing arts"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>21 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110914072406/http://rianz.org.nz/awards2008/history.asp">"History – celebrating our music since 1965"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_New_Zealand" title="Recording Industry Association of New Zealand">Recording Industry Association of New Zealand</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://rianz.org.nz/awards2008/history.asp">the original</a> on 14 September 2011<span>. Retrieved <span>23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221160800/http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_about.asp">"About RIANZ – Introduction"</a>. Recording Industry Association of New Zealand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/rianz_about.asp">the original</a> on 21 December 2011<span>. Retrieved <span>23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Downes, Siobhan (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/87903487/world-famous-in-new-zealand-hobbiton-movie-set">"World famous in New Zealand: Hobbiton Movie Set"</a>. Stuff Travel<span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Brian, Pauling (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/radio/page-1">"Radio – The early years, 1921 to 1932"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/first-official-tv-broadcast">"New Zealand's first official TV broadcast"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. December 2016<span>. Retrieved <span>6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NZ_TV_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite>Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/creative-life/5">"Creative life – Film and broadcasting"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>21 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Horrocks, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nzonscreen.com/history">"A History of Television in New Zealand"</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/NZ_On_Screen" title="NZ On Screen">NZ On Screen</a><span>. Retrieved <span>13 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.flicks.co.nz/blog/list/top-10-highest-grossing-new-zealand-movies-ever/">"Top 10 Highest Grossing New Zealand Movies Ever"</a>. Flicks.co.nz. May 2016<span>. Retrieved <span>11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Cieply, Michael; Rose, Jeremy (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/business/media/28hobbit.html">"New Zealand Bends and 'Hobbit' Stays"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span>. Retrieved <span>11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101107112931/http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html">"Production Guide: Locations"</a>. Film New Zealand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2010<span>. Retrieved <span>21 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Myllylahti, Merja (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170521074651/http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf">JMAD New Zealand Media Ownership Report 2016</a> <span>(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology" title="Auckland University of Technology">Auckland University of Technology</a>. pp.&#160;4–29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.aut.ac.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/704053/JMAD-Report-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2017<span>. Retrieved <span>11 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-356">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FOTP2015%20Scores%20and%20Status%201980-2015.xls">"Scores and Status Data 1980-2015"</a>. <i>Freedom of the Press 2015</i>. Freedom House<span>. Retrieved <span>23 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-357">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Hearn, Terry (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/english/12">"English – Popular culture"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>22 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-358">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607011003/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/0/479c4ffcbb884149cc256b1f00001198?OpenDocument">"Sport, Fitness and Leisure"</a>. <i>New Zealand Official Yearbook</i>. Statistics New Zealand. 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/web/nzstories.nsf/0/479c4ffcbb884149cc256b1f00001198?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span>. Retrieved <span>21 July</span> 2008</span>. <q>Traditionally New Zealanders have excelled in rugby union, which is regarded as the national sport, and track and field athletics.</q></cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-Organised_Sport-359">
                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Organised_Sport_359-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite>Phillips, Jock (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/sports-and-leisure/4">"Sports and leisure – Organised sports"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>23 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-nzsssc-360">
                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzsssc_360-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzsssc_360-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.sportsground.co.nz/Article.asp?SiteID=19259&amp;ArticleID=44316">"More and more students wear school sports colours"</a>. New Zealand Secondary School Sports Council<span>. Retrieved <span>30 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-361">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Crawford, Scott (January 1999). "Rugby and the Forging of National Identity". In Nauright, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119025021/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ASSHSSH/ASSHSSH11.pdf"><i>Sport, Power And Society In New Zealand: Historical And Contemporary Perspectives</i></a> <span>(PDF)</span>. ASSH Studies In Sports History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ASSHSSH/ASSHSSH11.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 19 January 2012<span>. Retrieved <span>22 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-362">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/rugby-racing-and-beer">"Rugby, racing and beer"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. August 2010<span>. Retrieved <span>22 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-363">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Derby, Mark (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-pakeha-relations/4">"Māori–Pākehā relations – Sports and race"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>4 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBain200669-364">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBain200669_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span><a href="#CITEREFBain2006">Bain 2006</a>, p.&#160;69.</span>
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                <li id="cite_note-365">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Langton, Graham (1996). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/3549"><i>A history of mountain climbing in New Zealand to 1953</i></a> (Thesis). Christchurch: University of Canterbury. p.&#160;28<span>. Retrieved <span>12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-366">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.theage.com.au/national/world-mourns-sir-edmund-hillary-20080111-1ldx.html">"World mourns Sir Edmund Hillary"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. 11 January 2008.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-SportsParticipation-367">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-SportsParticipation_367-0">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150115065459/http://www.activenzsurvey.org.nz/Documents/Participation-Levels.pdf">"Sport and Recreation Participation Levels"</a> <span>(PDF)</span>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Sport_New_Zealand" title="Sport New Zealand">Sport and Recreation New Zealand</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.activenzsurvey.org.nz/Documents/Participation-Levels.pdf">the original</a> <span>(PDF)</span> on 15 January 2015<span>. Retrieved <span>27 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-368">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Barclay-Kerr, Hoturoa (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/waka-ama-outrigger-canoeing">"Waka ama – outrigger canoeing"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>12 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-369">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/olympics/overview">"NZ's first Olympic century"</a>. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. August 2016<span>. Retrieved <span>27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-370">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics.aspx">"London 2012 Olympic Games: Medal strike rate – Final count (revised)"</a>. Statistics New Zealand. 14 August 2012<span>. Retrieved <span>4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-371">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/olympics-2016.aspx">"Rio 2016 Olympic Games: Medals per capita"</a>. Statistics New Zealand. 30 August 2016<span>. Retrieved <span>27 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Kerr, James (14 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/active/10427619/The-All-Blacks-guide-to-being-successful-off-the-field.html">"The All Blacks guide to being successful (off the field)"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London<span>. Retrieved <span>4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-373">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Fordyce, Tom (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/rugby-union/15405316">"2011 Rugby World Cup final: New Zealand 8-7 France"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i><span>. Retrieved <span>4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-cuisine-374">
                    <span>^ <a href="#cite_ref-cuisine_374-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cuisine_374-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tourism.net.nz/new-zealand/nz/cuisine-and-dining">"New Zealand Cuisine"</a>. New Zealand Tourism Guide. January 2016<span>. Retrieved <span>4 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-375">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Petrie, Hazel (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/kai-pakeha-introduced-foods">"Kai Pākehā – introduced foods"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-376">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Whaanga, Mere (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/mataitai-shellfish-gathering/page-6">"Mātaitai – shellfish gathering"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-377">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a></b></span> <span><cite><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/shellfish">"Story: Shellfish"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
                </li>
                <li id="cite_note-378">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Burton, David (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/cooking/page-2">"Cooking – Cooking methods"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>11 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
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                <li id="cite_note-379">
                    <span><b><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a></b></span> <span><cite>Royal, Charles; Kaka-Scott, Jenny (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/maori-foods-kai-maori/page-4">"Māori foods – kai Māori"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i><span>. Retrieved <span>1 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>
                </li>
            </ol>
        </div>
        <h2>
            <span id="References">References</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <ul>
                <li>
                    <cite>Alley, Roderic (2008). <a rel="nofollow" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VEa-0PKh__oC"><i>New Zealand in World Affairs IV 1990–2005</i></a>. New Zealand: Victoria University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-864-73548-5"><bdi>978-0-864-73548-5</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFBain2006">Bain, Carolyn (2006). <i>New Zealand</i>. Lonely Planet. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-535-5"><bdi>1-74104-535-5</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFGarden2005">Garden, Donald (2005). Stoll, Mark (ed.). <i>Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: An Environmental History</i>. Nature and Human Societies. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-868-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-868-6</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFHayMaclaganGordon2008">Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). <i>Dialects of English: New Zealand English</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2529-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2529-1</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007">Kennedy, Jeffrey (2007). "Leadership and Culture in New Zealand". In Chhokar, Jagdeep; Brodbeck, Felix; House, Robert (eds.). <i>Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies</i>. United States: Psychology Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-5997-3"><bdi>978-0-8058-5997-3</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFKing2003"><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Michael_King" title="Michael King">King, Michael</a> (2003). <i>The Penguin History of New Zealand</i>. New Zealand: Penguin Books. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-301867-4"><bdi>978-0-14-301867-4</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFMein_Smith2005">Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). <i>A Concise History of New Zealand</i>. Australia: Cambridge University Press. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54228-6"><bdi>0-521-54228-6</bdi></a>.</cite>
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                    <cite id="CITEREFSmeltJui_Lin2009">Smelt, Roselynn; Jui Lin, Yong (2009). <i>New Zealand</i>. Cultures of the World (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-3415-3"><bdi>978-0-7614-3415-3</bdi></a>.</cite>
                </li>
            </ul>
        </div>
        <h2>
            <span id="Further_reading">Further reading</span>
        </h2>
        <div>
            <ul>
                <li>
                    <cite>Bateman, David, ed. (2005). <i>Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia</i> (6th ed.). <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-601-0"><bdi>1-86953-601-0</bdi></a>.</cite>
                </li>
                <li>
                    <cite><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Keith_Sinclair" title="Keith Sinclair">Sinclair, Keith</a>; revised by Dalziel, Raewyn (2000). <i>A History of New Zealand</i>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-029875-8"><bdi>978-0-14-029875-8</bdi></a>.</cite>
                </li>
                <li>Statistics New Zealand. <i>New Zealand Official Yearbook</i> (annual). <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86953-776-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86953-776-9">1-86953-776-9</a> (2010). </li>
            </ul>
        </div>
        <h2>
            <span id="External_links">External links</span>
        </h2>
        <dl>
            <dt> Government </dt>
        </dl>
        <ul>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.govt.nz/">New Zealand Government portal</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.mch.govt.nz/">Ministry for Culture and Heritage</a> – includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/">Statistics New Zealand</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
        <dl>
            <dt> Travel </dt>
        </dl>
        <ul>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.newzealand.com/int/">Official site of New Zealand Tourism</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
        <dl>
            <dt> General Information </dt>
        </dl>
        <ul>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html">New Zealand</a> entry from <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/Oceania/New_Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Curlie" title="Curlie">Curlie</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15357770">New Zealand</a> from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.teara.govt.nz/">Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.oecd.org/newzealand/">New Zealand</a> <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085330/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/newzealand.htm">New Zealand</a>, directory from <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412636/New-Zealand">New Zealand</a> at <i><a href="http://fakehost/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.metservice.co.nz/">New Zealand weather</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NZ">Key Development Forecasts for New Zealand</a> from <a href="http://fakehost/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a>
            </li>
            <li>
                <img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" srcset="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_New_Zealand" title="commons:Atlas of New Zealand">Wikimedia Atlas of New Zealand</a>
            </li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>